Chemical and microbiological changes on the surface of microplastic after long term exposition to different concentrations of ammonium in the environment

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Metabolite Measurement Revealed the Stress Mechanism of PS-COOH Microplastics on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5

“…The inhibition of microplastics on the growth and reproduction of marine microorganisms has been reported by many fresh studies, including Wang's research (Wang et al, 2022) and Jachimowicz's research (Jachimowicz et al, 2022) in the eld of bio lm and Sun's research on prokaryote (Sun et al, 2018). These studies are basically consistent with the inhibition phenomenon reported by us.…”

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Metabolite Measurement Revealed the Stress Mechanism of PS-COOH Microplastics on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5

“…This is because the microplastics with a small radius interact with the cell membrane structure, the cell membrane structure is damaged, and then the membrane lipid peroxidation results in the oxidative stress reaction of cells. The inhibition of microplastics on the growth and reproduction of marine microorganisms has been reported by many fresh studies, including Wang's research (Wang et al, 2022) and Jachimowicz's research (Jachimowicz et al, 2022) in the field of biofilm and Sun's research on prokaryote . These studies are basically consistent with the inhibition phenomenon reported by us.…”

Recent advances in the relationships between biofilms and microplastics in natural environments

“…Several studies showed that microbial diversity in biofilm varies significantly depending on polymers composition (Frère et al 2018 ; Miao et al 2021 ; Wang et al 2021 ). Other factors affecting biofilm establishment and succession include surface availability, morphology of the material, and environmental conditions (Dussud et al 2018 ; Xu et al 2019 ; Jachimowicz et al 2022 ).…”

“…Plastics biodegradation involves several steps: biofragmentation and biodeterioration, which consist of breaking down of materials by microbial action by the action of extracellular enzymes able to depolymerize plastic polymers, resulting in the release of lower molecular compounds; followed by assimilation and mineralization, processes in which these compounds are ultimately converted into inorganic substances. Regardless of polymer type, the biodegradation of MPs can also be influenced by environmental variables, including temperature, moisture, UV radiation, pH and oxygen availability (Amobonye et al 2021 ; Jachimowicz et al 2022 ). For instance, the combination of heat and moisture is known to increase MPs solubility and enhance bond scission.…”

“…These microorganisms usually contain enzymes with depolymerizing capacity, thereby being able to actively shorten polymerized chains and degrade polymeric materials. Notable examples include degraders of PE, such as bacterial species from the genera Lysinibacillus and Brevibacillus and the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum ( Yamada-Onodera et al 2001 ; Hadad et al 2005 ; Jeon et al 2021 ), PET, such as the bacterium Thermobifida fusca and species from the genera Acidovorax and Ideonella (Roth et al 2014 ; Yoshida et al 2016 ; Jachimowicz et al 2022 ) and PP, such as bacteria from the genera Lysinibacillus , Serratia and Enterobacter and the fungus Phanerochaete chrysoporium (Shimpi et al 2018 ; Jeon et al 2021 ; Wróbel et al 2023 ), all of which are widely used and prevalent as environmental pollutants (Table 1 ). Regarding bioplastics, despite their limited presence in natural environments, extensive research has identified microorganisms capable of biodegrading them.…”