Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal

Joshi, Ashok; Das, Murari Lal; Akhter, Shireen; Chowdhury, Rajib Nayan; Mondal, Dinesh; Kumar, Vijay; Das, Pradeep; Kroeger, Axel; Boelaert, Marleen; Petzold, Max

doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-54

Cited by 77 publications

(150 citation statements)

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“…It has been demonstrated historically in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal that IRS, but not long-lasting insecticide nets, is effective in reducing P. argentipes populations, and that this IRS subsequently reduces the number of cases of VL (8,9,14). This finding is also supported by recent collections of P. argentipes outdoors and associated with cattle sheds using CDC light traps (32), where a large proportion of the sand flies had fed on humans, suggesting endophilic and exophagic behaviors (32,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the effect of IRS on P. argentipes is based on limited data (11)(12)(13), a cluster randomized trial performed in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal demonstrated that IRS using DDT reduced the indoor abundance of P. argentipes by 72.4% in intervention clusters compared with controls; this effect was greater than the effect of environmental modification or the use of long-lasting insecticidetreated nets (42.0% and 43.7%, respectively) (14). Older models also predict that IRS is capable of achieving VL elimination, provided that sand fly densities are reduced by 67% (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

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DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

Coleman

Foster

Deb

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, but it is poorly quality assured. Quality assurance was performed in eight VL endemic districts in Bihar State, India, in 2014. Residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was sampled from walls using Bostik tape discs, and DDT concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m 2 )] were determined using HPLC. Pre-IRS surveys were performed in three districts, and post-IRS surveys were performed in eight districts. A 20% threshold above and below the target spray of 1.0 g ai/m 2 was defined as "in range." The entomological assessments were made in four districts in IRS and non-IRS villages. Vector densities were measured: pre-IRS and 1 and 3 mo post-IRS. Insecticide susceptibility to 4% DDT and 0.05% deltamethrin WHO-impregnated papers was determined with wild-caught sand flies. The majority (329 of 360, 91.3%) of pre-IRS samples had residual DDT concentrations of <0.1 g ai/m 2 . The mean residual concentration of DDT post-IRS was 0.37 g ai/m 2 ; 84.9% of walls were undersprayed, 7.4% were sprayed in range, and 7.6% were oversprayed. The abundance of sand flies in IRS and non-IRS villages was significantly different at 1 mo post-IRS only. Sand flies were highly resistant to DDT but susceptible to deltamethrin. The Stockholm Convention, ratified by India in 2006, calls for the complete phasing out of DDT as soon as practical, with limited use in the interim where no viable IRS alternatives exist. Given the poor quality of the DDT-based IRS, ready availability of pyrethroids, and susceptibility profile of Indian sand flies, the continued use of DDT in this IRS program is questionable.leishmaniasis | elimination |

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

Coleman

Foster

Deb

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The current study is one of four parallel studies in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh that used similar methods and design. 8 The intervention trial was conducted in Fulbaria subdistrict, Mymensingh District, from October 2006 to September 2007. Sand flies were collected before and after introduction of the interventions and compared with the control area.…”

Section: Monthly Sand Fly Collections 2002-2003 From January 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sand fly distributions were assumed to follow a negative binomial regression. 8,9 The minimum sample size to…”

Section: Monthly Sand Fly Collections 2002-2003 From January 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying to Control the Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

Chowdhury

Dotson²,

Blackstock³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Integrated vector management is a pillar of the South Asian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program, but the best approach remains a matter of debate. Sand fly seasonality was determined in 40 houses sampled monthly. The impact of interventions on Phlebotomus argentipes density was tested from 2006-2007 in a cluster-randomized trial with four arms: indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), environmental management (EVM), and no intervention. Phlebotomus argentipes density peaked in March with the highest proportion of gravid females in May. The EVM (mud plastering of wall and floor cracks) showed no impact. The IRS and ITNs were associated with a 70-80% decrease in male and female P. argentipes density up to 5 months post intervention. Vector density rebounded by 11 months post-IRS, whereas ITN-treated households continued to show significantly lower density compared with households without intervention. Our data suggest that both IRS and ITNs may help to improve VL control in Bangladesh.

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“…Currently, India has been implementing the use of DDT in the State of Bihar since 1971, but control has not been achieved 32 , even though the country plans to eradicate the disease by 2015 33 . Some current studies have compared the effectiveness of residual spraying of insecticides with mosquito nets impregnated with long-term insecticides and with environmental modification, and the best results have been with indoor residual spraying 34,35 .…”

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How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy

Costa

2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

122

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How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? A critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policyQuanto é efetivo o abate de cães para o controle do calazar zoonótico? Uma avaliação crítica da ciência, política e ética por trás desta política de saúde pública Carlos Henrique Nery Costa 1,2 ABSTRACT Introduction: Zoonotic kala-azar, a lethal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania is considered out of control in parts of the world, particularly in Brazil, where transmission has spread to cities throughout most of the territory and mortality presents an increasing trend. Although a highly debatable measure, the Brazilian government regularly culls seropositive dogs to control the disease. Since control is failing, critical analysis concerning the actions focused on the canine reservoir was conducted. Methods: In a review of the literature, a historical perspective focusing mainly on comparisons between the successful Chinese and Soviet strategies and the Brazilian approach is presented. In addition, analyses of the principal studies regarding the role of dogs as risk factors to humans and of the main intervention studies regarding the efficacy of the dog killing strategy were undertaken. Brazilian political reaction to a recently published systematic review that concluded that the dog culling program lacked efficiency and its effect on public policy were also reviewed. Results: No firm evidence of the risk conferred by the presence of dogs to humans was verified; on the contrary, a lack of scientific support for the policy of killing dogs was confirmed. A bias for distorting scientific data towards maintaining the policy of culling animals was observed. Conclusions: Since there is no evidence that dog culling diminishes visceral leishmaniasis transmission, it should be abandoned as a control measure. Ethical considerations have been raised regarding distorting scientific results and the killing of animals despite minimal or absent scientific evidence

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Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal

Cited by 77 publications

References 16 publications

DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

Comparison of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying to Control the Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy

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