Chemical and Biological Studies of &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cannabis sativa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Roots

Elhendawy, Mostafa A.; Wanas, Amira S.; Radwan, Mohamed M.; Azzaz, N. A. E.; Toson, ElShahat S; ElSohly, Mahmoud A.

doi:10.1159/000495582

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…sativa accumulates phytocannabinoids and terpenes in glandular trichomes located all over the aerial parts of the plant and in highest density on the female flowers [7,23]. No glandular trichomes are found on the root surfaces, and the root tissue therefore does not accumulate phytocannabinoids [24]. Glandular trichomes may be classified as sessile trichomes or stalked trichomes.…”

Section: Sites Of Phytocannabinoid Biosynthesis and Their Possible Fumentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis

Gülck

Møller

2020

Trends in Plant Science

207

214

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Phytocannabinoids are bioactive natural products found in some flowering plants, liverworts, and fungi that can be beneficial for the treatment of human ailments such as pain, anxiety, and cachexia. Targeted biosynthesis of cannabinoids with desirable properties requires identification of the underlying genes and their expression in a suitable heterologous host. We provide an overview of the structural classification of phytocannabinoids based on their decorated resorcinol core and the bioactivities of naturally occurring cannabinoids, and we review current knowledge of phytocannabinoid biosynthesis in Cannabis, Rhododendron, and Radula species. We also highlight the potential in planta roles of phytocannabinoids and the opportunity for synthetic biology approaches based on combinatorial biochemistry and protein engineering to produce cannabinoid derivatives with improved properties. Phytocannabinoids The term phytocannabinoid (see Glossary, also cannabinoid) defines meroterpenoids with a resorcinyl core typically decorated with a para-positioned isoprenyl, alkyl, or aralkyl side chain [1]. The alkyl side chain typically contains an odd number of carbon atoms, where orcinoids contain one carbon, varinoids three, and olivetoids five. Cannabinoids with an even number of carbon atoms in the side chain are known but rare. The term cannabinoid generally refers to molecules with a characteristic chemical structure; however, the term may also refer to pharmacological ligands of human endocannabinoid receptors [2]. In this review we use the chemical definition of cannabinoids. Phytocannabinoids occur in flowering plants, liverworts, and fungi (Figure 1, Key Figure). They were first isolated from Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae), a plant with a long and controversial history of use and abuse [3]. The mammalian brain has receptors that respond to compounds found in C. sativa. Accordingly, these receptors were named cannabinoid receptors (CB x) and are the basis of the endocannabinoid system. Studies in human and animals demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system regulates a broad range of biological functions, including memory, mood, brain reward systems, and drug addiction, as well as metabolic processes such as lipolysis, glucose metabolism, and energy balance [2]. More than 113 different cannabinoids have been isolated from C. sativa and these are classified into distinct types: cannabigerols (CBGs), cannabichromenes (CBCs), cannabidiols (CBDs), (−)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ 9-THCs), (−)-Δ 8-trans-tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ 8-THCs), cannabicyclols (CBLs), cannabielsoins (CBEs), cannabinols (CBNs), cannabinodiols (CBNDs), cannabitriols (CBTs), and the miscellaneous cannabinoids (Figure 2) [4]. C. sativa predominantly produces alkyl type cannabinoids that carry a monoterpene isoprenyl moiety (C10) and a pentyl side chain (C5) [1]. The most abundant constituents are trans-Δ 9-THC, CBD, CBC, and CBG, together with their respective acid forms (Δ 9-THCA, CBDA, CBCA, and CBGA) [5]. Cannabinoid biosynthetic pathways ty...

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Section: Sites Of Phytocannabinoid Biosynthesis and Their Possible Fumentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis

Gülck

Møller

2020

Trends in Plant Science

207

214

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Roots : friedelan-3-one, epifriedelanol, β-sitosterol, ergost-5-en-3-ol, methyl hexadecanoate, pentadecanoic acid, 10E-hexadecenoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside and p-coumaroyltyramine (Elhendawy et al 2019 )…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa Linnaeus as traditional phytomedicine by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh

Shakil

Gowan

Hughes³

et al. 2021

J Cannabis Res

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Background There is a worldwide interest in the use of Cannabis sativa for biomedicine purposes. Cannabis has ethnomedicinal usage as a natural medicine in Bangladesh and cultivated during the British Empire period for revenues. Objective Folk medicine practitioners (FMPs) from different districts of Bangladesh have been using Cannabis sativa, but until now there have not been any compiled studies particularly regarding this practice. Hence, this review is an effort to retrieve the traditional usage of Cannabis sativa as a phytomedicine from published ethnomedicinal studies. Methods and materials Information was searched by using the search terms “ethnomedicinal Cannabis sativa and Bangladesh”; “Bangladesh cannabaceae and ethnomedicinal survey”; “ganja, bhang and folk medicine Bangladesh”; “tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinoid and therapeutic, clinical trial”; and “cannabis and pharmacological/biological” and retrieved from ethnobotanical articles available on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. A search of the relevant scientific literature also was conducted to assess the efficacy of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa. Results While reviewing over 200 ethnomedicinal plants’ survey articles, we found that FMPs of Bangladesh from 12 different districts used Cannabis sativa to treat cited ailments like sleep-associated problems (n=5), neuropsychiatric and CNS problems (n=5), and infections and respiratory problems (n=5) followed by rheumatism, gastrointestinal, gynecological (n=4 each), cancer, sexual, and other ailments including hypertension, headache, itch, increases bile secretion, abortifacient, dandruff, fever, and urinary problems (n=1 each). There are a total of 15 formulations identified from the 11 out of 18 ethnomedicinal plant survey reports. The leaf was the main plant part used (53.8%), followed by root (23%), seed (7.7%) and flower, inflorescence, resin, and all parts 3.8% respectively. Conclusions Sales and cultivation of Cannabis are illegal at present in Bangladesh, but the use of Cannabis sativa as a natural phytomedicine has been practiced traditionally by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh for many years and validated through relevant pharmacological justification. Although Cannabis sativa possesses ethnomedicinal properties in the folk medicine of Bangladesh, it is, furthermore, needed to conduct biological research to consolidate pharmacological justification about the prospects and challenges of Cannabis and cannabinoids’ use in Bangladesh as safer biomedicine in the future.

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“…The substances identified in the C. sativa root extracts normally have ethanol, methanol or hexane as the solvent, with few reports of the chemical composition of aqueous extracts. In general, the most commonly found substances in C. sativa roots are friedelin, epifriedelanol, cannabisativine, anhydrocannabisativine, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-amyrin, and campesterol [21][22][23] Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 UNIVASF Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco Δ 9 -THC Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol not been able to identify some of the substances already identified and there was a variation on the relative percentage of such compounds depending on the sample. The variability in the synthesis of secondary metabolites on plants can occur due to several defense mechanisms against the stresses produced by the environment, but this variation can be observed at all scales, including populations, individuals, and different parts of the plant, indicating that the chemical complexity within a population is related more to the individual than collective factors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis by LC-MS of Cannabis sativa Root Samples from Northeast Brazil and Evaluation of Antitussive and Expectorant Activities

et al. 2021

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Cannabis sativa is a millenary medicinal plant. However, contrary to worldwide paradigm-shifting, countries like Brazil still prohibit C. sativa cultivation and its medicinal use, even though many populations use aerial parts and roots of this plant for healthcare. As such, the objective of this work was to identify substances in the samples of the C. sativa roots, tracing a correlation with antitussive and expectorant effects. Therefore, samples of C. sativa roots were donated by the Polícia Federal Brasileira, and its aqueous extract (AECsR) was prepared with subsequent lyophilization, to maintain the material stability. After that, the material was analyzed by LC-MS to observe its chemical profile. Four samples (AECsR-A, B, C, and D) were tested in animal models of citric acid-induced cough (0.4 M) and phenol red expectoration (500 mg/kg). Using LC-MS it was possible to identify 5 molecules in C. sativa roots: p-coumaroyltyramine, tetrahydrocannabinol-C4, feruoiltyramine, anhydrocanabisativine, and cannabisativine. In experimental protocols, male mice (Mus musculus) were treated with samples of AECsR at doses of 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg regardless of the pharmacological test. In these tests, all samples showed the potential to treat cough and promote fluid expectoration, differing only in the dose at which these effects were observed. Therefore, the data showed that the C. sativa roots of the Brazilian Northeast showed antitussive and expectorant effects, even with intense secondary metabolitesʼ variation, which alters its potency, but not its effect. This highlights the importance of this medicinal plant for future therapy and corroborates to traditional use.

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Chemical and Biological Studies of <b><i>Cannabis sativa</i></b> Roots

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis

Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis

A narrative review of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa Linnaeus as traditional phytomedicine by folk medicine practitioners of Bangladesh

Chemical Analysis by LC-MS of Cannabis sativa Root Samples from Northeast Brazil and Evaluation of Antitussive and Expectorant Activities

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