Chemical and biological characterization of paper: A case study using a proposed methodological approach

Manente, Sabrina; Micheluz, Anna; Ganzerla, Renzo; Ravagnan, Giampietro; Gambaro, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.03.008

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Instead, active sampling isolated all the species isolated by sterile swabbing and also some others. Several authors have already demonstrated the effectiveness of nitrocellulose membranes for fungal isolation from varying types of substrates (e.g., Florian, 2002;Manente et al 2012). The most frequent fungal species found in our case were Aspergillus creber and Penicillium brevicompactum.…”

Section: Book Samplingsupporting

confidence: 53%

The extreme environment of a library: Xerophilic fungi inhabiting indoor niches

Micheluz

Manente

Tigini

et al. 2015

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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a b s t r a c tThe use of Compactus shelves by libraries and archives is a good solution to optimize the storage space and prevent dust deposits on books. However, they are probably the cause of severe cases of fungal colonization in historical library materials. A typical phenomenon occurs as a spread of white mycelial growth forming scattered spots, mainly on volumes with leather or fabric bindings. Recent studies have identified the xerophilic fungus Eurotium halophilicum (anamorph Aspergillus halophilicus) as responsible for this kind of contamination. A similar situation was found inside the Library of Humanities (BAUM), at Ca' Foscari University, Venice (Italy). Various sampling methods, including cotton swabs and adhesive tape, were adopted to isolate fungi from books and a set of aerobiological analyses was performed to characterize the environment of the repository. The presence of E. halophilicum on both books and in the indoor air was confirmed by direct observation of adhesive tape samples, microscopic observations and molecular methods. Moreover, Aspergillus creber and Aspergillus protuberus belonging to the revised group Aspergillus section Versicolores, were also isolated for the first time in Italian conservation environments.

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Section: Book Samplingsupporting

confidence: 53%

The extreme environment of a library: Xerophilic fungi inhabiting indoor niches

Micheluz

Manente

Tigini

et al. 2015

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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“…In fact, it is well-known how the production is strictly growth substrate-dependent (Matysik et al, 2009;Moularat et al, 2008) and several kinds of culture media, included contaminated building materials or settled dust samples, were generally included in the experiments (Korpi et al, 1997;Matysik et al, 2008;Vishwanath et al, 2011;Wady and Larsson, 2005;Wady et al, 2003;Wilkins et al, 2000). On the other hand, working with Cultural Heritage has often limitations and, because of the preciousness of the artefacts, most of the applied methods need to be non-invasive (Kostadinovska, 2015;Manente et al, 2012). This study investigated for the first time the MVOC production ability of the most frequent fungi directly involved with book contamination, identifying specific chemical patterns for each fungal species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Micheluz

Manente

Rovea

et al. 2016

Journal of Microbiological Methods

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The principal fungal species isolated from a contaminated library environment were tested for their microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) production ability. Aspergillus creber, A. penicillioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri, E. halophilicum, Penicillium brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum were cultivated on suitable culture media inside sample bottles specifically designed and created for direct MVOC injection to a GC-MS instrument. The fungal emissions were monitored over several weeks to detect changes with the aging of the colonies, monitored also by respirometric tests. A total of 55 different MVOCs were detected and isopropyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-butanone were the principal compounds in common between the selected fungal species. Moreover, 2,4-dimethylheptane, 1,4-pentadiene, styrene, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, acetone, furan and 2-methylfuran were the most detected compounds. For the first time, the MVOC production for particular fungal species was detected. The species A. creber, which belongs to the recently revised group Aspergillus section Versicolores, was characterized by the production of ethanol, furan and 1,4-pentadiene. For the xerophilic fungus E. halophilicum, specific production of acetone, 2-butanone and 1,4-pentadiene was detected, supported also by respirometric data. The results demonstrated the potential use of this method for the detection of fungal contamination phenomena inside Cultural Heritage's preservation environments.

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“…Our attention herein is focused on trying to elucidate its causes and to establish protocols for detection, prevention and treatment. This foxing phenomenon occurs in the form of small isolated patches of discoloration that are typically rust, brown or yellowish toned and limited in size, with sharp or jagged edges; it is often punctiform and sometimes circular [4]. A long discussion about the origin of foxing has been undertaken, being the major causes attributed to fungal activity or to chemical origin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, sometimes biological attack is the only factor observed, while in others metal-induced degradation is present and interaction between both factors can also be found [5]. During the last few decades, different analytical techniques have been used for the study of the foxing processes; nevertheless there is still much to be done [4,5]. Four different foxed papers from the XX century, labelled P1, P2, P3 and P7, were studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

Relvas

Nunes

Figueira³

et al. 2015

Microsc Microanal

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Deterioration of graphical documents can occur naturally as a result of aging, but it can be accelerated by poor manufacturing constituents or conditions. One indicator of deterioration can be discoloration or staining of the surface [1][2][3]. Among these paper discoloration processes is foxing, which has been actively researched since the 1930s. Our attention herein is focused on trying to elucidate its causes and to establish protocols for detection, prevention and treatment. This foxing phenomenon occurs in the form of small isolated patches of discoloration that are typically rust, brown or yellowish toned and limited in size, with sharp or jagged edges; it is often punctiform and sometimes circular [4]. A long discussion about the origin of foxing has been undertaken, being the major causes attributed to fungal activity or to chemical origin. In fact, sometimes biological attack is the only factor observed, while in others metal-induced degradation is present and interaction between both factors can also be found [5]. During the last few decades, different analytical techniques have been used for the study of the foxing processes; nevertheless there is still much to be done [4,5]. Four different foxed papers from the XX century, labelled P1, P2, P3 and P7, were studied. Characterization of paper samples and morphological aspects of foxing was undertaken by analytical techniques and imaging: photography and macro-photography under standard light, UV/Vis fluorescence light and raking light; light microscopy; variable pressure scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (VP-SEM/EDS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). Biological colonization was also studied in order to evaluate the influence of microorganisms in foxing. Photographic imaging allowed to evaluate the natural colours of paper samples and their state of degradation, namely, the presence of dirt, foxing stains, wear, and others (Table 1). The foxing stains of P3 sample were the only ones to exhibit fluorescence under UV light. Morphological aspects of the foxing stains were observed by SEM/EDS operating in variable pressure conditions (pressure of 20 Pa in the chamber). Two different typologies were devised. In samples P1, P2 and P3, fibre disruption was observed in the foxed areas (Figure 1), when compared with the non-affected areas of those samples. As to sample P7, a localized accumulation of particles was observed in the foxed areas, which were confirmed to be a calcium salt due to Ca detection by EDS analysis. Different fillers used in paper production were also estimated through EDS. ATR-FT-IR complemented the study and was particularly adequate to evaluate the existence of biotic attack in the foxed areas of all the papers. ATR-FT-IR was also able to supply information about the fillers and the FT-IR bands related to cellulose suggesting alterations of the cellulose structure in the foxed areas (Figure 2). Fungi belonging to the main genera Penicillium sp. were iso...

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Chemical and biological characterization of paper: A case study using a proposed methodological approach

Cited by 37 publications

References 21 publications

The extreme environment of a library: Xerophilic fungi inhabiting indoor niches

The extreme environment of a library: Xerophilic fungi inhabiting indoor niches

Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Multi-analytical characterization of paper samples exhibiting foxing stains

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