Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 2. Applications

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Chemical Sensors 2.1. Gas Sensors 2.1.1. Humidity Sensors 2.1.1.1. General Considerations 2.1.1.2. Humidity Sensors Types 2.1.1.3. Humidity Sensors in Applications 2.1.2. Semiconducting Metal Oxides 2.1.2.1. History and Current Status 2.1.2.2. Operation Principle and Materials 2.1.2.3. Fabrication Technology 2.1.2.4. Electronic Circuitries for Signal Generation 2.1.2.5. Sensor Properties and Specifications 2.1.2.6. Fields of Application 2.1.2.7. Future Trends 2.2. Electronic Noses and Tongues 2.2.1. Applications 2.2.2. Issues of Concern 2.2.3. Outlook 3. Biochemical Sensors 3.1. Assays 3.1.1. Assay Types and Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) 3.1.2. Marker–Label Free 4. Gas Sensors 4.1. Fields of Application 4.1.1. Indoor Air Quality Control 4.1.2. Indoor Gas Sensors for Toxic and Explosive Gases 4.1.3. Breath Gas Analysis 4.1.4. Automotive 4.2. Process Control 4.2.1. Industrial Process Sensors 4.2.1.1. Process Analytical Technology 4.2.1.2. Sensor Market 4.2.1.3. Sensors for Plant Safety 4.2.1.4. Requirements for Industrial Process Sensors 4.2.2. Sensor Integration in Process Environment 4.2.2.1. Sampling Systems 4.2.2.2. Sensor Communication 4.2.2.3. Feedback and Feedforward Control Loops 4.2.3. Application: Process Control in the Production of Renewable Energy 4.2.3.1. Biogas 4.2.3.2. Process Analytics during Fermentation and Purification 4.2.3.3. Process Analytics of Downstream Processes 4.2.3.4. Monitoring Quality Parameters and Perspectives 4.3. Point of Care Diagnostics 4.3.1. Introduction to Special Requirements 4.3.2. Areas of Application 4.3.2.1. Ambulance and Home Care 4.3.2.2. Personalized Medicine 4.3.2.3. Infections 4.3.2.4. POCT and Telemedicine 4.3.3. Devices 4.3.3.1. Lateral Flow 4.3.3.2. Benchtop 4.3.3.3. Lab‐on‐Chip Platforms 4.3.4. Trends and Perspectives 4.4. Environmental and Food Analytics 4.4.1. Introduction 4.4.1.1. Water Analysis 4.4.1.2. Food 4.4.2. Trends and Perspectives 4.5. Sensors with Multiplexing Approaches: Microplates and Microarrays 4.6. Further Applications 4.6.1. Special Fluorescence Sensor Applications 4.6.1.1. Blood Monitoring 4.6.1.2. Pressure Sensitive Paints 4.6.2. Mass Sensitive Sensors 4.6.2.1. Gas Phase 4.6.2.2. Liquid Phase 4.6.2.3. Biosensors