Chemical analysis of fish bile extracts for monitoring endocrine disrupting chemical exposure in water: Bisphenol A, alkylphenols, and norethindrone

Abstract

The present study determined concentrations of estrogenic bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol, octylphenol (4-tert-octylphenol), butylphenol (4-tert-butylphenol), and progestogenic norethindrone by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in bile extracts from field fish from the Xin'an River and market fish in Shanghai, China. Compared with the field fish, endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) concentrations in market fish bile were at relatively high levels with high detectable rates. The average concentrations of BPA, nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and norethindrone in field fish bile were 30.1 µg/L, 203 µg/L, 4.69 µg/L, 7.84 µg/L, and 0.514 µg/L, respectively; in market fish bile they were 240 µg/L, 528 µg/L, 76.5 µg/L, 12.8 µg/L, and 5.26 µg/L, respectively; and in the surface water of Xin'an River they were 38.8 ng/L, 7.91 ng/L, 1.98 ng/L, 2.66 ng/L, and 0.116 ng/L, respectively. The average of total estrogenic activity of river water was 3.32 ng/L estradiol equivalents. High bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were discovered for all 5 EDCs (≧998-fold) in field fish bile. Furthermore, the authors analyzed the BCF value of BPA in fish bile after 30-d exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA in the laboratory, and the analysis revealed that BCF in fish bile (BCF(Fish bile)) changed in an inverse concentration-dependent manner based on the log10-transformed BPA concentration in water. Strikingly, the data from the field study were well fitted within this trend. The data together suggested that analysis of fish bile extracts could be an efficient method for assessing waterborne EDCs exposure for aquatic biota.

Graphitic carbon nitride based nanocomposites for the photocatalysis of organic contaminants under visible irradiation: Progress, limitations and future directions

“… Investigating other significant persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) [108,109], Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) [110], Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [111], pharmaceuticals [112], etc. conducted by g-C3N4 composites under visible light irradiation and evaluating their photodegradation efficacy.…”

Estrogenic Compounds: Chemical Characteristics, Detection Methods, Biological and Environmental Effects

“…The concentration of phenolic EDsE in urban areas was especially high compared to suburban areas, so the authors concluded that an imminent risk of estrogenicity to aquatic organisms and even to humans already exists in urban areas of the river. Wu et al (2016) performed a study to determine the concentrations of BPA, NP, OP, BP, and ND in bile extract of fish collected from Xin'an River as well as those obtained from Shanghai market, China. The concentrations of EDsE on the commercially acquired fish were higher, with high detection rates compared to fish collected from the river.…”

Organ-on-a-chip for assessing environmental toxicants

“…Although the use of BPA has strictly been limited, BPA is ubiquitously prevalent in manufacturing plastics and frequently leaches into water sources, resulting in bioconcentration in the environment [14,15,16,17,18]. Alarmingly, BPA can induce endocrine-disrupting health effects at modest concentrations of nanograms per liter [19,20,21,22]. …”