Chelated amino acids: biomass sources, preparation, properties, and biological activities

Abstract

Micronutrients such as Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn are required metals for plant crops to increase their yield and quality. Metals are included in numerous biochemical reactions as enzymes, co-enzymes, and co-factors. Copper, zinc, and manganese are essential for the development and growth of animal as pigs and broiler chicks. Amino acids are of significant importance and are used in many applications, fields, and industries such as food, animal feed, supplement, pharmaceutical production, and as biofertilizers. Fertilizers of inorganic mineral structure are hardly diffused from the leaf surface into the plant, while chelated minerals with amino acids provide a great advantage in increasing the absorption efficiency and translocation of minerals within the plant.Also, it was known that derivatives of free or chelated amino acids have marked antioxidant activity and are able to inhibit the development of tumor tissues and leading to increase immune protective abilities of the organisms. Nanotechnology increased the application efficiency of metal-amino acid complexes. Using nano fertilizers to plants is one of critical importance due to their unique properties in size and increased surface areas. It released the nutrients on demand and regulates plant growth (such as wheat, rice, barley, and rapeseed plants). Metal chelating complexes have found extensive applications in various fields of human interest.Chelators are used in medical applications; water softeners are included as ingredients in many commercial products such as shampoos and food preservatives and control heavy metal pollution in aquacultures. Amino acids may be used separately in chelation process as free amino acids or can be separated from plant or animal wastes. It can be separated by hydrolysis of plant or agricultural crop wastes as thrones of tomato and sugar beet plants. Also, it can be separated from animal origin as leather wastes and chicken feather waste or from whey of cow milk after mozzarella cheese formation. So, amino acid production from wastes decreases the cost of metal-chelated complex formation.

Biotechnological studies on Arthrospira platensis biomass cultivated in enriched culture with chelated leather waste and chelated glycinate

“…The coordination effect is the most essential component influencing the frequency order in AA complexes. These findings were consistent with those reported by Jacob et al [21].…”

“…In our previous study, alkaline hydrolysis (CaO or KOH) and enzymatic hydrolysis (protease or trypsin) were employed to make leather protein hydrolysates (LPHs) from chromecontaining leather waste (CCLW) and their antioxidant as well as their metal chelating capabilities were also investigated [20,21]. Amino acids and peptides are natural chelating agents because they can combine with metal ions like Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu, and Fe through their carboxyl and amino groups [22].…”

“…Amino acids and peptides are natural chelating agents because they can combine with metal ions like Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu, and Fe through their carboxyl and amino groups [22]. In addition, Jacob et al [21] mentioned that chelated minerals are highly soluble, yet chemically stable and electrically neutral in the digestive system, in which they retain their structural integrity and reach the absorptive sites in the small intestine as native whole molecule.…”

Optimization of Chelating Process of Amino Acids of Leather Waste and Glycine with Different Minerals and Its Relationship with Arthrospira platensis Biological Activities

“…A cyanobacterium (Arthospira platensis) was obtained from Phycology lab in Botany Dept., Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. It was cultivated on Zarrouk media as control and modified culture by replacing some of macro and micronutrients using chelated minerals with amino acids (during spring season of 2021) as described by Jacob et al [1].…”

“…Chelation is a chemical process that involves binding an organic molecule (as amino acids) to a mineral in two or more sites to form a ring. The molecule encircles and protects the mineral from any negative interactions [1]. Micronutrients such as Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn are essential metals that enhance growth and yield of plant and algae but these minerals in inorganic form affected by change of pH degree and converted to non-absorbable, furthermore the minerals in chelated form are coated with amino acids which precipitation and absorption complications [2] Moreover, some factors were taken in consideration such as time, ratio, temperature and pH to improve the chelation process, [1].…”