Cheek-pouch dispersal of seeds by Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan

Yumoto, Takakazu; Noma, Naohiko; Maruhashi, Tamaki

doi:10.1007/bf02573081

Cited by 61 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Other frugivores such as gibbons, macaques, and civets are also likely to disperse seeds 100 m beyond parent plants [64][65][66][67][68]; thus, they potentially act as long-distance dispersers for some nutmeg species. Squirrels sometimes carry a whole fruit in their mouth away from the Myristicaceae tree for consumption in the canopy of neighboring trees or for later consumption (M. Yasuda, personal communication), but they appear to be poor distance-dispersers, with seeds deposited no more than 10 m from the fruiting crown [69].…”

Section: Fruit Tree Visitation Seed Retention Time and Dispersal DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutmeg-Vertebrate Interactions in the Asia-Pacific Region: Importance of Frugivores for Seed Dispersal in Myristicaceae

Kitamura

Poonswad

2013

Tropical Conservation Science

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In tropical forests, large frugivores are assumed to be important seed dispersers for many large-seeded trees such as the Myristicaceae, a widespread and common family. However, not all frugivores are effective seed dispersers, and understanding which frugivores are effective is vital for conservation biology. Here, we summarize the available data on fruit characteristics and frugivores for a large number of Myristicaceae species in the Asia-Pacific region and suggest future directions for evaluating the effects of disperser loss for these trees. Studies of fruit characteristics of Myristicaceae were highly biased toward morphological information, and few studies examined reproductive phenology or fruit chemistry. We identified 338 instances of nutmeg-frugivore interactions that included 129 species of Myristicaceae and 109 species of frugivores, including 40 bird, 68 mammal, and one reptile species. Large birds were major seed dispersers for this tree family. These bird species, such as hornbills and pigeons, consumed a variety of nutmeg species, remained briefly at fruiting trees, and dispersed intact seeds far from the parent trees in the forest. Although most seeds dispersed by birds subsequently suffered high seed predation by rodents, some germinated and established as seedlings, indicating the qualitative effectiveness of large birds as seed dispersers for Myristicaceae. Mammals were also major consumers of Myristicaceae. Gibbons, macaques, and civets potentially acted as long-distance dispersers for some nutmeg species. Orangutans, leaf monkeys, squirrels, and rodents consumed a variety of nutmeg species, but their roles as seed dispersers for Myristicaceae remain unclear. Studies of nutmeg-vertebrate interactions have typically focused on frugivory, whereas few studies have specifically quantified the effectiveness of frugivores as seed dispersers; thus, it remains difficult to evaluate the effect of frugivore loss on the populations of most nutmeg species in this region. Further studies of nutmeg-frugivore interactions are of great ecological importance, and the results of such studies will contribute to a general understanding of which evolutionary forces may have shaped current nutmeg-frugivore interactions in tropical forests worldwide.

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Section: Fruit Tree Visitation Seed Retention Time and Dispersal DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutmeg-Vertebrate Interactions in the Asia-Pacific Region: Importance of Frugivores for Seed Dispersal in Myristicaceae

Kitamura

Poonswad

2013

Tropical Conservation Science

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“…Cercopithecines are unique among primates because they disperse seeds in three different ways (Yumoto et al, 1998): epizoochory (dispersal via the outside of the animal, e.g., by dropping), endozoochory (dispersal by swallowing and defecation) and synzoochory (dispersal by storing fruit in cheek pouches and spitting seeds out). They alternate these seed processing techniques according to phenology patterns, plant species and resource availability (Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Tsujino and Yumoto, 2009), and may even use various deposition patterns for the same plant species (Albert, 2012;Lambert and Garber, 1998).…”

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cercopithecines, swallowed seeds tend to be smaller than spat-out seeds (Lambert, 1999;Lucas and Corlett, 1998) (Appendix B) but recorded seed size limitations of most cercopithecines are not absolute. As seed size increases, the animals tend to swallow fewer seeds and spit more, thereby still dispersing a small number of large seeds by defecation (Kaplin and Lambert, 2002;Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Otani, 2010;Poulsen et al, 2001;Yumoto et al, 1998). The largest seed recorded being swallowed for each species (N = 8) is significantly related to body size (Pearson's correlation: r = 0.792, p = 0.02) with seeds as long as 42 mm being swallowed by Mandrillus leucophaeus (Astaras and Waltert, 2010) the largest cercopithecine (Appendix B).…”

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

Albert¹,

McConkey²,

Savini³

et al. 2014

Biological Conservation

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a b s t r a c tHabitat disturbance has caused a global decline in populations of frugivores, with critical consequences for seed dispersal. Large-seeded plants are especially threatened as they depend on a restricted number of large-bodied dispersers that are vulnerable to extinction and cannot maintain populations in most disturbed habitats. Cercopithecine monkeys are potentially key seed dispersers in disturbed habitats, because of the robustness of some species to disturbance and their ability to disperse large seeds. However, the potential ecological roles of the more disturbance-tolerant species are rarely discussed. This review evaluates the seed dispersal role of cercopithecines in disturbed habitats by investigating their ability to tolerate habitat disturbance, their seed dispersal abilities, and the threats to species survival. Cercopithecines are characterised by ecological flexibility; most species adjust their diet, group size, home range size and, often, feeding methods according to resource availability and habitat structure. Consequently, 79% of species are tolerant of varying degrees of habitat disturbance. Cercopithecines are often inconsistent seed dispersers, but they have the capacity to disperse many seeds, large seeds and to disperse them across large distances. They may be among the most important frugivores in altered environments in Asia and Africa. However, many disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine species are targeted by local people as pests, which poses a major threat to their conservation. In conclusion, the management of all disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine species should be re-evaluated given their importance in the regeneration of degraded Asian and African habitats.

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“…However, seed dispersal by birds has been examined most frequently (e.g., Herrera, 2002). Monkeys (e.g., Howe, 1980;Estrada & Coates-Estrada, 1994;Yumoto et al, 1998) and bats (e.g., Fleming, 1981;Gribel, 1988;Izhaki et al, 1995) have long been recognized as important seed dispersers and have been studied intensively, because they can observed directly. Some recent studies have documented the importance of carnivorous mammals in seed dispersal (Willson, 1993;Traveset & Willson, 1997;Hickey et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between the Fruiting Phenology of Prunus jamasakura and Timing of Visits by Mammals - Estimation of the Feeding Period Using Camera Traps

Koike¹,

Morimoto²,

Kasai³

et al. 2012

Phenology and Climate Change

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Cheek-pouch dispersal of seeds by Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan

Cited by 61 publications

References 31 publications

Nutmeg-Vertebrate Interactions in the Asia-Pacific Region: Importance of Frugivores for Seed Dispersal in Myristicaceae

Nutmeg-Vertebrate Interactions in the Asia-Pacific Region: Importance of Frugivores for Seed Dispersal in Myristicaceae

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

Relationships Between the Fruiting Phenology of Prunus jamasakura and Timing of Visits by Mammals - Estimation of the Feeding Period Using Camera Traps

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