Checkpoint Inhibitors in BCG-Unresponsive Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Can they Help Spare the Bladder?

Gharib, Khalil El; Lilly, Eddy; Chebel, Roy

doi:10.2217/imt-2021-0030

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Another phase I clinical trial combining Vicinium with durvalumab [a monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody ( 174 ) to treat patients with high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer previously treated with BCG (CTI: NCT03258593)] is ongoing. Durvalumab is expected to potentiate Vicinium through an enhancement of immune responses resulting from a PD1–PD-L1 interaction blockade.…”

Section: Pseudomonas Exotoxin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas Exotoxin-Based Immunotoxins: Over Three Decades of Efforts on Targeting Cancer Cells With the Toxin

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cancer is one of the prominent causes of death worldwide. Despite the existence of various modalities for cancer treatment, many types of cancer remain uncured or develop resistance to therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, almost all chemotherapeutics cause a range of side effects because they affect normal cells in addition to malignant cells. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents that are targeted specifically toward cancer cells is indispensable. Immunotoxins (ITs) are a class of tumor cell-targeted fusion proteins consisting of both a targeting moiety and a toxic moiety. The targeting moiety is usually an antibody/antibody fragment or a ligand of the immune system that can bind an antigen or receptor that is only expressed or overexpressed by cancer cells but not normal cells. The toxic moiety is usually a protein toxin (or derivative) of animal, plant, insect, or bacterial origin. To date, three ITs have gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for human use, including denileukin diftitox (FDA approval: 1999), tagraxofusp (FDA approval: 2018), and moxetumomab pasudotox (FDA approval: 2018). All of these ITs take advantage of bacterial protein toxins. The toxic moiety of the first two ITs is a truncated form of diphtheria toxin, and the third is a derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE). There is a growing list of ITs using PE, or its derivatives, being evaluated preclinically or clinically. Here, we will review these ITs to highlight the advances in PE-based anticancer strategies, as well as review the targeting moieties that are used to reduce the non-specific destruction of non-cancerous cells. Although we tried to be as comprehensive as possible, we have limited our review to those ITs that have proceeded to clinical trials and are still under active clinical evaluation.

show abstract

Section: Pseudomonas Exotoxin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas Exotoxin-Based Immunotoxins: Over Three Decades of Efforts on Targeting Cancer Cells With the Toxin

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Role of checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: current methods and future perspectives

Agag¹,

Naushad²,

Manzoor³

et al. 2021

UNOAJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Immuno-therapy involvement in bladder urothelial malignancies is growing very fast. The use of Immuno-therapy with check-point inhibitor has greatly developed since it was first approved as a second-line treatment for cases who had formerly failed platinum-based chemotherapy. There are recognized applications for first-line metastatic illness in platinum-ineligible or cisplatin-ineligible PD-L1 diagnosed cases, as well as a label for BCG-refractory high-risky non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). It is now being studied in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) clinical trials. This review discusses the clinical trials that led to these FDA agreements, as well as prospective and ongoing trials. Current clinical guidelines support Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as the primary treating option for intermediate to high-risk NMIBC. Despite the intra-vesical BCG-instillation, intra-vesical relapse occurs in a considerable number of individuals with intermediate to high risk NMIBC. Furthermore, treating BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC is still difficult. For these individuals with BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC, there are no viable therapy alternatives other than radical cystectomy, which has been shown to have excellent oncological results. In this regard, for the care of BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC, safe and reliable noninvasive or lesser-invasive therapeutic alternatives with adequate oncological results are needed. Regarding the latest introduction of immuno-therapeutic medications, the treatment of progressive or metastatic urothelial cancer has substantially advanced. These developments have sparked a surge in interest in immuno-therapeutic medications for NMIBC, particularly BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC. The goal of this literature review is to provide and debate the most up-to-date information on the function of Immuno-therapy in BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC and the presently accessible treatment options. Furthermore, this page highlights the current research in this topic. We wanted to convey the current state of Immuno-therapy in NMIBC and discuss future directions.

show abstract

Welcome to The 14th Volume of Immunotherapy

Gilroy

2021

Immunotherapy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Checkpoint Inhibitors in BCG-Unresponsive Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Can they Help Spare the Bladder?

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Pseudomonas Exotoxin-Based Immunotoxins: Over Three Decades of Efforts on Targeting Cancer Cells With the Toxin

Pseudomonas Exotoxin-Based Immunotoxins: Over Three Decades of Efforts on Targeting Cancer Cells With the Toxin

Role of checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: current methods and future perspectives

Welcome to The 14th Volume of Immunotherapy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About