“…Students have used educational chatbots, for example, in language, engineering, science, nursing, social science, and business studies [21]. In addition, higher education institutions (HEIs) have applied chatbots for example library services [22], student counselling [23], admission, and career guidance [24], and they apply chatbots repeatedly in new areas. Figure 1 shows Science Direct and Ebsco database search result for two different search criteria (chatbot and chatbot & education), and it clearly points out that the interest towards chatbots, both in general and in education, has clearly increased during the last few years.…”