“…Multiple value-based care models have been launched in the United States over the last decade that shift accountability (and risk) onto physician and hospital providers [8,20]. Although such models have generated some cost savings, the reductions have largely occurred as a result of changes to referral practices (eg, reduced post-acute care utilization) and artifactual changes following coding modifications, rather than meaningful transformation through innovation in care delivery [20]. Furthermore, they fail to address the issues of appropriateness, studies suggest that up to a third of joint replacement surgeries for OA in the United States may be inappropriate based on appropriate use criteria leading to poor patient satisfaction and functional outcomes [21].…”