CHARON: Routing in low-density opportunistic wireless sensor networks

Soares, Jorge M.; Rocha, Rui M.

doi:10.1109/wd.2009.5449666

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Convergent Hybrid-replication Approach to Routing in Opportunistic Networks (CHARON): CHARON [35,36] aims to provide a simple but efficient solution to address the routing problem in highly mobile, sparse sensor networks where the future topologies of networks are unpredictable. It minimizes the number of messages exchanged and provides a way for urgent messages to be delivered quickly.…”

Section: Network Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of protocols for Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

Bartoš

2014

Journal of Network and Computer Applications

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Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks (ICDT-WSNs), a branch of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), have features of WSNs and the intermittent connectivity of Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs). The applications of ICDT-WSNs are increasing in recent years, however, the communication protocols suitable for this category of networks often fall short. Most of the existing communication protocols are designed for either WSNs or DTNs and tend to be inadequate for direct use in ICDT-WSNs. This survey summarizes characteristics of ICDT-WSNs and their communication protocol requirements, and examines the communication protocols designed for WSNs and DTNs in recent years from the perspective of ICDT-WSNs. Opportunities for future research in ICDT-WSNs are also outlined. 1Most of the existing protocols cannot be directly employed in ICDT-WSNs, since they are either designed for WSNs or DTNs that do not take all limitations of ICDT-WSNs into consideration. Without reliable, robust and efficient communication protocols, the performance of ICDT-WSNs is degraded resulting in shortened network life time, decreased propagation speed and increased packet loss rate. As a consequence, the development of ICDT-WSN applications is constrained.In this article we list the attributes of ICDT-WSNs and the requirements for communication protocols of this category of networks, outline several communication protocols that have been designed in recent years, and evaluate them from the perspective of ICDT-WSNs for improvement opportunities in communication protocols. Some open problems in ICDT-WSNs and possible directions to address these problems are also discussed in this article.The rest of this article is organized as follows: Section 2 gives brief introductions to WSNs and DTNs to provide sufficient background for ICDT-WSNs, and introduces ICDT-WSNs in detail. Transport, network, and link layer communication protocol outlines and evaluations are provided in Section 3. Section 4 gives out open problems in ICDT-WSNs and provides possible solutions. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5. Background Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been extensively studied and widely used in the recent decade. A WSN can consist of one to several types of sensor nodes such as visual, thermal, acoustic, infrared, radar, low sampling rate magnetic, and seismic [1]. WSNs are mission-oriented: all sensor nodes of a WSN cooperate together to accomplish the mission of the network, such as collecting environmental data from a designated area and tracking an object. According to the environment the WSNs are developed for, WSNs can be categorized into terrestrial, underwater or underground:• Terrestrial WSNs are developed above ground, and are usually composed of hundreds to thousands of low-cost sensor nodes [8]. The terrestrial WSNs can be used for environment sensing and monitoring, industry monitoring [9] and surface exploration. Radio Frequency (RF) communication is widely used in terrestrial WSNs. Energy efficiency is v...

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Section: Network Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of protocols for Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

Bartoš

2014

Journal of Network and Computer Applications

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“…This protocol adapts to the changing conditions of DTN and has reduced overhead compared to the existing protocol. In addition, few energy-preserving routing protocols do exist for opportunistic networks [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Locationbased routing [27] and directional routing [28] is also experimented for WSNs.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated social network reputation inspired routing for effective data forwarding

Shobana¹,

Ramaraj²

2014

J Wireless Com Network

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Wireless sensor networks face many threats which drain the energy. The performance of sensor network routing is much affected in the presence of selfish nodes with messages being delivered with a longer delay. Social network routing is a method in which the messages are selectively forwarded through the nodes where the encounters between these nodes are more likely to occur. Network reputations clearly speak about the quality of nodes involved in data forwarding. The idea is to utilise social network reputations of source or destinations for effective data forwarding in farmland sensor networks.

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“…In PRoPHET protocol, delivery predictability is obtained based on the contact history between nodes, and a message is forwarded to a node with higher delivery predictability. 3 Although the PRoPHET protocol was not originally proposed for wireless sensor networks but for general delay/disruption tolerant network, the PRoPHET protocol was widely used for data delivery in intermittently connected wireless sensor networks, such as the work in Kaur et al, 4 Rajpoot and Kushwah, 5 Agarwal and Bhadouria, 6 and Mezouary et al 7 In Tao et al, 8 Lai et al, 9 and Soares and Rocha, 10 the PRoPHET protocol was used as a comparing protocol with the proposed protocol for wireless sensor network in intermittently connected networks. Furthermore, the PRoPHET protocol is the only routing protocol standardized as request for comment (RFC) in the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), 3 and thus, it is regarded as a representative DTN protocol for intermittently connected networks, although it is not specialized for wireless sensor networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks

Kang

Chung

2017

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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In delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks, messages for sensor data are delivered using opportunistic contacts between intermittently connected nodes. Since there is no stable end-to-end routing path like the Internet and mobile nodes operate on battery, an energy-efficient routing protocol is needed. In this article, we consider the probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity protocol as the base protocol. Then, we propose an energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks, where messages are forwarded based on the node's remaining battery, delivery predictability, and type of nodes. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with that of probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity and probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity with periodic sleep in detail, from the aspects of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, delivery latency, and ratio of alive nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better delivery probability, overhead ratio, and ratio of alive nodes, in most of the considered parameter settings, in spite of a small increase in delivery latency.

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CHARON: Routing in low-density opportunistic wireless sensor networks

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

A survey of protocols for Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

A survey of protocols for Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

Integrated social network reputation inspired routing for effective data forwarding

A novel energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks

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