“…Thus, for example, while charismatic leaders in general may share the characteristic of using analogy, metaphor, and stories in order to articulate their visions, it is the fact that these techniques emotionally stimulate followers and increase follower identification with the leader that is critical to the emergence of charismatic leadership. In this view, ''leadership is jointly established by leaders and followers'' (Castro et al, 2008(Castro et al, , p. 1842): charisma does not reside in leaders alone, but rather in the relationships a leader possesses with particular followers (Howell and Shamir, 2005;Klein and House, 1995), and the charismatic relationship, rather than being determined by any given set of characteristics of the leader, is influenced by followers' perceptions of the leader (Campbell et al, 2008;Conger et al, 2000;Howell and Shamir, 2005;Hughes et al, 1999;Kark and Shamir, 2003;Willner, 1984). Yukl (1999) states that the most useful definition of charisma is in terms of attributions of charisma to a leader by followers; this position is also evident in the model of charisma presented by Conger and Kanungo (1987).…”