Charging Optimization for Li-Ion Battery in Electric Vehicles: A Review

Abstract

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are advocated due to their environmental benign characteristic. However, the long charging time and the degradation caused by fast charging impedes their further popularization. Extensive research has been carried out to optimize the charging process, such as minimizing charging time and aging, of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs). Motivated by this, a comprehensive review of existing Charging Optimization (ChgOp) techniques is provided in this paper. Firstly, the operation and models for LIBs are explained. Then, unexpected side effects especially for the aging mechanism of LIB associated with unregulated fast charging are scrutinized. This provides a solid theoretical foundation and forms the optimization problem. Following this endeavor, the general framework with critical concerns for ChgOp system design is overviewed. Within this horizon, the state-of-the-art ChgOp techniques, clustered into openand close-loop categories, are reviewed systematically with their respective merits and shortcomings discussed. Finally, the development of an emerging charging control protocol with both real-time affordability and degradation consciousness is further discussed as an open outlook.

Power Electronics-Based Safety Enhancement Technologies for Lithium-Ion Batteries: An Overview From Battery Management Perspective

“…Power electronic converters are widely used for battery charging [259], [260]. Nowadays, various charging strategies have been designed for batteries [261], [262], such as constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging [263], pulse-current (PC) charging [264], sinusoidal ripple current (SRC) charging [265], etc. Generally, the lifetime of a battery is affected by the charging strategy.…”

“…Some efforts have been made to optimize the safety of batteries during charging [262]. From the perspective of dependence on the battery model, there are three main methods.…”

“…The charging strategies were optimized based on experiments. Generally, most of the charging optimization techniques are based on Type I [262], such as optimal-frequency SRC charging [268] and multistage constant current charging [269]. Although various charging profiles have been designed, the essence is based on the conclu- sions in Fig.…”

Bidding a Battery on Electricity Markets and Minimizing Battery Aging Costs: A Reinforcement Learning Approach

“…V2G applications are complicated by the fact that vehicle users have requirements on the battery SoC at the time when they intend to use the vehicle. This will increase the demand for fast charging, in which case the thermal safety needs to be considered by the RL agent [39]. One approach is to define penalty component to the reward function in case temperature exceeds a threshold [40].…”

A Review of Mechanical and Chemical Sensors for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Systems

“…Due to the cost limitations and to the need of reducing the complexity, the unequivocal and robust determination of SoC and SoH of the automotive battery package is a difficult task.The interested reader can find more details in [1,2]. Moreover, fast charge of the energy storage system is one of main customer expectations: this requires one to protect the Li-ion cells from the formation of Li dendrites at the anode and from temperature peaks [3]. Finally, an automotive battery package has to be resistant to crash events, has to guarantee electric insulation, and has to integrate insulating materials to be able to slow down a possible thermal runaway event.…”