Charging and discharging processes of carbon nanotubes probed by electrostatic force microscopy

Zdrojek, Mariusz; Mélin, Thierry; Diesinger, H.; Stiévenard, D.; Gȩbicki, W.; Adamowicz, Ludwik

doi:10.1063/1.2392674

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…1͑a͔͒. [12][13][14] After injection, the CNT charge state is then measured by electrostatic force microscopy ͑EFM͒. In this process, the tip is lifted at a distance z Ӎ 100 nm above the sample surface to discard short-range surface forces, and the cantilever resonance frequency shifts are recorded as a probe of electrostatic force gradients acting on the tip biased at a detection voltage V EFM ͓Fig.…”

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Inner-shell charging of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

et al. 2008

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The electrostatic properties of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes ͑MWCNTs͒ have been investigated from charge injection and electrostatic force microscopy experiments. The MWCNT linear charge densities analyzed as a function of the nanotube diameters are found to differ from classical capacitive predictions by one order of magnitude and correspond to the response of MWCNTs in the external electric field generated at the microscope tip. The fact that MWCNTs can hold an out-of-equilibrium charge is attributed to the innershell charging, as a result of the MWCNT finite transverse polarizability and of the intercalation of semiconducting and metallic shells.Single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes ͑CNTs͒ have been extensively studied in the past decade for their onedimensional transport properties. However, the electrostatics of CNTs remains a quite open field of experimental and theoretical investigation in spite of the fundamental interest on it for CNT-based electronic devices such as sensors, field effect transistors, and nonvolatile memories, 1,2 for nanoelectromechanical systems, 3,4 and for dielectrophoresis developments. 5 Recent work on single-walled carbon nanotubes ͑SWCNTs͒ have drawn a border line between classicallike electrostatic properties, e.g., the spatial charge distribution in SWCNTs ͑Ref. 6͒, and quantum properties, such as quantum capacitance effects, 7,8 which highlight the interplay between Coulomb interactions and the SWCNT density of states. However, little experimental work has been performed so far on the electrostatic properties of multiple stacked or rolled graphene layers, in which complex interactions occur due to intershell couplings. [9][10][11] In this article, we investigate the electrostatic response of individual multiwalled nanotubes ͑MWCNTs͒ upon local charging from an atomic force microscopy tip. The measured nanotube linear charge densities are found to deviate from capacitive predictions by more than one order of magnitude. From an analysis of the charge densities as a function of the nanotube diameters, we demonstrate that MWCNTs respond to applied external electric fields and carry an inner-shell charge as a result of their finite transverse polarizability and of the intercalation of semiconducting and metallic shells.Charge injection and electrostatic force microscopy experiments have been conducted using an atomic force microscope ͑multimode, Veeco Instruments͒ operated under dry nitrogen atmosphere. We used Pt-Ir metal-coated cantilevers with spring constant of 1 -3 N / m and typical resonance frequency of 75 kHz. Purified nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition were dispersed from dichloromethane solutions on a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer thermally grown from a doped silicon wafer. Individual CNTs are localized by tapping-mode topography imaging and charged by local contact with the tip biased at the injection voltage V inj ͓Fig. 1͑a͔͒. 12-14 After injection, the CNT charge state is then measured by electrostatic force microscopy ͑EFM͒. In this process...

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Inner-shell charging of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

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“…Confirming Maxwell's pioneering results (Maxwell, 1878), experiments have shown that the charge distribution along a CNT subjected to an electric field is generally non uniform along the length, with evident end enhancements (Zdrojek et al, 2005(Zdrojek et al, , 2006Wang et al, 2008). The available experimental tests concern micron-long CNTs.…”

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“…More recently, Griffith and Li (1996) and Jackson (2000) computed semi-analytic expressions of the charge density distribution in qualitative agreement with Maxwell's solution. Experimental tests proving charge end enhancements were carried out by Zdrojek et al (2005Zdrojek et al ( , 2006 and Wang et al (2008). These authors investigated the electrostatic properties of single-separated MWCNTs and single-walled CNTs deposited on a dielectric layer by charge injection and electric force microscopy experiments.…”

Section: Charge End Enhancementsmentioning

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Electromechanical behavior, end enhancements and radial elasticity of single-walled CNTs: A physically-consistent model based on nonlocal charges

Benvenuti

2015

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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We simulate the electromechanical behavior of freestanding and clamped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subjected to an electric potential and displaying charge end enhancements. In this case, CNT deformation is a consequence of the electrostatic pressure associated with the charge density. Whereas experiments investigate several micron long CNTs, computational models consider nanometer-sized CNTs. Hence, experimental and computational results, often, cannot be compared. Analytical solutions appear thus useful as reference solutions for finite element analysis, alternative to atomistic simulations, and complementary to experimental tests. In this work, the electromechanical behavior of CNTs is computed by using the nonlocal Poisson equation obtained extending the charge transport equations for spatially variable currents. Based on a certain equivalence between gradient and integral formulations, we solve the problem governing the electromechanical problem of CNTs regarded as cylinders subjected to electrostatic forces. The present procedure automatically captures charge end enhancements, thus overcoming the necessity of introducing suitable charge end correction factors. The analytical expressions of the radial displacement of freestanding CNTs, and the deflection of bent CNTs are obtained. For armchair single wall CNTs, the results obtained are consistent with experiments, and molecular mechanics and atomistic simulations. Size dependence of electric and mechanical properties is assessed

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“…[6][7][8] EFM has also been used to inject charge and study its distribution in various types of samples, such as Co and Si nanoclusters embedded in conductive 9 and non-conductive substrates, 10,11 semiconductor nanoparticles, 12 oxide 13,14 and alumina films, 15 quantum dots, 16,17 and carbon nanotubes. 18,19 Briefly, EFM is a dual pass technique: in the first line scan the tip operates in tapping mode, acquiring a topography profile of the sample surface. In the second line scan (interleave), the topographic data are used to retrace the first scan while the tip travels at a defined height above the surface.…”

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Water assisted gate induced temporal surface charge distribution probed by electrostatic force microscopy

Pascal-Levy

Shifman

Sivan

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physics

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Articles you may be interested inEffect of surface charge on water film nanoconfined between hydrophilic solid surfacesIn this paper, we present a quantitative method to measure charge density on dielectric layers using electrostatic force microscopy. As opposed to previous reports, our method, which is based on force curve measurements, does not require preliminary knowledge of the tip-sample capacitance and its derivatives. Using this approach, we have been able to quantify lateral and temporal SiO 2 surface charge distribution and have unveiled a gate-induced charge redistribution mechanism which takes place in the vicinity of grounded electrodes. We argue that this mechanism constitutes a dominant factor in the hysteresis phenomenon, which is frequently observed in the transfer characteristics of nano-scale devices. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.

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Charging and discharging processes of carbon nanotubes probed by electrostatic force microscopy

Abstract: Articles you may be interested inUsing an electroconductive carbon nanotube probe tip in scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy Rev.

Cited by 57 publications

References 16 publications

Inner-shell charging of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Inner-shell charging of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Electromechanical behavior, end enhancements and radial elasticity of single-walled CNTs: A physically-consistent model based on nonlocal charges

Water assisted gate induced temporal surface charge distribution probed by electrostatic force microscopy

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