Charging and Discharging of Electric Vehicles in Power Systems: An Updated and Detailed Review of Methods, Control Structures, Objectives, and Optimization Methodologies

Abstract

As a result of fossil fuel prices and the associated environmental issues, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a substitute for fossil-fueled vehicles. Their use is expected to grow significantly in a short period of time. However, the widespread use of EVs and their large-scale integration into the power system will pose numerous operational and technical challenges. To avoid these issues, it is essential to manage the charging and discharging of EVs. EVs may also be considered sources of dispersed energy storage and used to increase the network’s operation and efficiency with reasonable charge and discharge management. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and updated review of control structures of EVs in charging stations, objectives of EV management in power systems, and optimization methodologies for charge and discharge management of EVs in energy systems. The goals that can be accomplished with efficient charge and discharge management of EVs are divided into three groups in this paper (network activity, economic, and environmental goals) and analyzed in detail. Additionally, the biggest obstacles that EVs face when participating in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications are examined in this paper.

An Extensive Critique on Electric Vehicle Components and Charging Systems

“…e EV chargers are classified into two types based on the location of the charger: on-board and off-board chargers. Figure 22 presents the on-board and off-board chargers [140]. If the charger is positioned internally inside EV, it is called on-board charger.…”

Nghiên cứu các kiến trúc và giải thuật điều khiển trạm sạc xe điện và trạm sạc xe điện hai bánh trong bối cảnh Việt Nam

“…Khi số lượng phương tiện tăng, nhu cầu về điện toán tăng lên và việc giải các bài toán tối ưu có ràng buộc trở nên rất phức tạp và đòi hỏi nhiều thời gian tính toán [61,62]. Điều đó dẫn tới kiến trúc tập trung có thể không thực tế khi triển khai giải pháp sạc ở phạm vi lớn và theo thời gian thực [63]. Như vậy, các thuật toán dựa trên kiến trúc tập trung cũng nên đặc biệt quan tâm đến độ phức tạp và thời gian tính toán.…”

Solar Charging of Electric Vehicles: Experimental Results

“…Many control algorithms and associated systems have been proposed in the literature [8,9]. For example, authors propose to provide primary reserve [10,11], i.e., to change the charging power of the EV according to the frequency deviation of the network, or to limit EV load to the power network capacity available [12][13][14].…”