“…Low frequency AC electric fields were examined by Koizumi, Kawamura, Tochikubo, and Watanabe (2000) as a means to enhance coagulation and thereby increase the electrostatic precipitator efficiency for sub-micron particles. Vermury and Pratsinis (1996) explored the use of particle charging, with needle and plate electrodes, to control growth rates during flame synthesis of silica particles. A detailed study by Katzer, Weber, and Kasper (2001) concluded that electric fields play predominantly a secondary role in particle growth, for example, via changes in local flame temperature.…”