Charged particles radiation measurements with Liulin-MO dosimeter of FREND instrument aboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter during the transit and in high elliptic Mars orbit

Semkova, Jordanka; Koleva, R.; Benghin, Victor; Dachev, Tsvetan; Matviichuk, Yuri; Tomov, B.; Krastev, Krasimir; Maltchev, Stephan; Dimitrov, Petar; Митрофанов, И. Г.; Malahov, Alexey; Golovin, D. V.; Мокроусов, М. И.; Санин, А. Б.; Litvak, M. L.; Kozyrev, A. S.; Tretyakov, V. I.; Nikiforov, S.; Vostrukhin, A.; Fedosov, F.; Гребенникова, Н С; Zelenyǐ, L. M.; Shurshakov, Vyacheslav; Drobishev, Sergey

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.034

Cited by 38 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Recently, the radiation dose rate was measured in Martian orbit with the FREND (Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector) instrument during the insertion phase of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. With this instrument, Semkova et al (2018) observed changes in the GCR-related dose rate in accordance with the declining phase of the solar cycle. The GCR radiation dose has also been measured at the Martian surface by the MSL-RAD instrument, where the solar cycle modulation was observed (Berger et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Measurements of the radiation environment around planetary bodies other than Earth are relatively sparse. The radiation field at Martian orbit was first measured in 2002 with instruments on Mars Odyssey (Zeitlin et al 2010) and later with ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (Semkova et al 2018), while measurements on the surface of Mars have been acquired since August 2012 (Hassler et al 2012(Hassler et al , 2014. Here we present cosmic ray variations due to solar cycle modulation in Martian orbit, for the first time recorded by engineering parameters.…”

Section: Solar Cycle Modulated Gcrs At Marsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta

Knutsen

Witasse

Sánchez‐Cano

et al. 2021

A&A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are an intrinsic part of the heliospheric radiation environment and an inevitable challenge to long-term space exploration. Here we show solar-cycle-induced GCR modulation at Mars in the period 2005–2020, along with GCR radial gradients, by comparing Mars Express and Rosetta engineering parameters to sunspot number time series. The engineering parameters used are the error detection and correction (EDAC) counters, cumulative counters that are triggered by charged energetic particles that cause memory errors in onboard computers. EDAC data provide a new way of gaining insight into the field of particle transport in the heliosphere; these data also allow us to complement dedicated radiation instrumentation as EDAC software is present on all spacecraft. This dataset was used to capture variations in GCRs in both space and time, yielding the same qualitative information as ground-based neutron monitors. Our analysis of the Mars Express EDAC parameter reveals a strong solar cycle GCR modulation, with a time lag of ∼5.5 months. By combining Mars Express with Rosetta data, we calculate a 4.7 ± 0.8% increase in EDAC count rates per astronomical unit, which we attribute to a radial gradient in GCR fluxes in accordance with established literature. The potential of engineering data for scientific purposes remains mostly unexplored. The results obtained from this work demonstrate, for the first time for heliophysics purposes, the usefulness of the EDAC engineering parameter, the usefulness of data mining, and the utility of keeping missions operational for many years, all of which provide complimentary data to nominal science instruments.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Solar Cycle Modulated Gcrs At Marsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta

Knutsen

Witasse

Sánchez‐Cano

et al. 2021

A&A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A similar type of analysis, as presented in Adriani et al (2018), Pizzella (2018), and here, can be performed through GCR measurements that are now available at Mars (e.g., Hassler et al 2014;Semkova et al 2018). At Earth, a possible excess signal in GCR protons from JCRPs should be correlated in time with detections of Jovian relativistic electrons, which are easier to recognize.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 89%

Jovian Cosmic-Ray Protons in the Heliosphere: Constraints by Cassini Observations

Roussos

Krupp

Dialynas

et al. 2019

ApJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Measurements of >82 MeV Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) protons at Earth indicate that they may be mixed with protons that leak into the heliosphere from Jupiter's magnetosphere (Jovian cosmic-ray protons (JCRPs)). A ∼400 day periodicity in these proton fluxes, which is similar to the synodic period between Jupiter and Earth, and an excess proton flux observed when Jupiter and Earth can be connected through the interplanetary magnetic field were the basis for this claim. Using nearly 13 yr of GCR measurements at Saturn with Cassini's Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument, we show that the ∼400 day periodicity is also present in 100 MeV protons at ∼9.6 au, although the synodic period between Saturn and Jupiter is ∼20 yr. We also find that the features responsible for this periodicity were convected from 1 au to Saturn's distance with the solar wind velocity. Their origin is therefore heliospheric, not Jovian. We attribute these features to quasi-biennial oscillations, observed in the solar magnetic field and various heliospheric indices. This finding indicates that fluxes of JCRPs at 1 au, if present, are considerably overestimated, because the signal originally attributed to them represents the amplitude of the ∼400 day periodic GCR oscillation. This oscillation has to be subtracted before the resulting proton GCR flux residuals are analyzed in the context of a possible Jovian source. A confirmation of the presence of JCRPs over extended regions in the heliosphere and a constraint on their fractional abundance in GCR spectra may therefore require further validation and analysis, and several options are proposed for this purpose.

show abstract

“…As a comparison, another estimation of dose equivalent rate in interplanetary space during the cruise to Mars has been obtained based on the Liulin-MO detectors on board the TGO of the ExoMars program (Semkova et al 2018). The averaged spacecraft shielding around the Liulin-MO detectors is about 10 g/cm 2 which is smaller than the mean depth within RAD's FOV, but close to the median depth.…”

Section: Cruise Phase Radiation Assessment By Tgo Liulin-momentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements

Guo

Zeitlin

Wimmer‐Schweingruber

et al. 2021

Astron Astrophys Rev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Potential deleterious health effects to astronauts induced by space radiation is one of the most important long-term risks for human space missions, especially future planetary missions to Mars which require a return-trip duration of about 3 years with current propulsion technology. In preparation for future human exploration, the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) was designed to detect and analyze the most biologically hazardous energetic particle radiation on the Martian surface as part of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. RAD has measured the deep space radiation field within the spacecraft during the cruise to Mars and the cosmic ray induced energetic particle radiation on Mars since Curiosity’s landing in August 2012. These first-ever surface radiation data have been continuously providing a unique and direct assessment of the radiation environment on Mars. We analyze the temporal variation of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) radiation and the observed Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events measured by RAD from the launch of MSL until December 2020, i.e., from the pre-maximum of solar cycle 24 throughout its solar minimum until the initial year of Cycle 25. Over the long term, the Mars’s surface GCR radiation increased by about 50% due to the declining solar activity and the weakening heliospheric magnetic field. At different time scales in a shorter term, RAD also detected dynamic variations in the radiation field on Mars. We present and quantify the temporal changes of the radiation field which are mainly caused by: (a) heliospheric influences which include both temporary impacts by solar transients and the long-term solar cycle evolution, (b) atmospheric changes which include the Martian daily thermal tide and seasonal CO$$_2$$ 2 cycle as well as the altitude change of the rover, (c) topographical changes along the rover path-way causing addition structural shielding and finally (d) solar particle events which occur sporadically and may significantly enhance the radiation within a short time period. Quantification of the variation allows the estimation of the accumulated radiation for a return trip to the surface of Mars under various conditions. The accumulated GCR dose equivalent, via a Hohmann transfer, is about $$0.65 \pm 0.24$$ 0.65 ± 0.24 sievert and $$1.59 \pm 0.12$$ 1.59 ± 0.12 sievert during solar maximum and minimum periods, respectively. The shielding of the GCR radiation by heliospheric magnetic fields during solar maximum periods is rather efficient in reducing the total GCR-induced radiation for a Mars mission, by more than 50%. However, further contributions by SEPs must also be taken into account. In the future, with advanced nuclear thrusters via a fast transfer, we estimate that the total GCR dose equivalent can be reduced to about 0.2 sievert and 0.5 sievert during solar maximum and minimum periods respectively. In addition, we also examined factors which may further reduce the radiation dose in space and on Mars and discuss the many uncertainties in the interpreting the biological effect based on the current measurement.

show abstract

Charged particles radiation measurements with Liulin-MO dosimeter of FREND instrument aboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter during the transit and in high elliptic Mars orbit

Cited by 38 publications

References 25 publications

Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta

Galactic cosmic ray modulation at Mars and beyond measured with EDACs on Mars Express and Rosetta

Jovian Cosmic-Ray Protons in the Heliosphere: Constraints by Cassini Observations

Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About