Charge/discharge characteristics of synthetic carbon anode for lithium secondary battery

High capacity disordered carbons obtained from coconut shells as anode materials for lithium batteries

“…According to Mabuchi et al [34], the "excess" capacity is due to lithium occupying sites inside nanopores that are present between layers in disordered carbons from which it is often difficult to retrieve the inserted lithium. Such pores facilitate insertion of large amounts of lithium, part of which is lost due to extensive passivation [35,36]. The products of passivation gradually clog the openings of the pores and cavities, rendering the lithium trapped in the pores unavailable for further cycling.…”

Determination of the Lithium Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Graphite

“…As alternative materials to replace lithium metal, graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase carbon, carbon fiber, as well as carbons doped with P and N, have been studied extensively. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the lithium ion transport properties in these carbons have not been measured precisely due to experimental difficulties associated with the changes of lithium content with time during charging and discharging the electrode, and from uncertainties in the determination of the parameters necessary for evaluation of the lithium ion diffusion coefficient. These parameters include the dependence of the open-circuit potential of the anode upon the lithium content, the electrochemically active surface area, and the molar volume of the lithiated material.…”

The Adsorption Behavior of Phenolphthalein at a Mercury Electrode in Water-Ethanol Solutions

“…6. Relationship between peak current and adsorption potential at # 200 mV/s, [1] 25.5 mmol Á dm À3 , and pH 3.4…”

“…Although there is a variety of applications of phenolphthalein in the preparation of synthetic carbon anodes for lithium secondary batteries [1] and in the synthesis of polymers such as phenolphthalein polyether ketone [2], phenolphthalein based polysulfone [3] and phenolphthalein polyether sulfone [4], little has been reported concerning its electrochemistry [5±8]. In aqueous, aqueous-ethanolic, and ethanolic media, phenolphthalein gives a single two-electronic polarographic wave at pH<9, whereas two monoelectronic waves are observed at pH values >9 [5,7].…”