Charge/discharge behavior of plasma-fluorinated natural graphites in propylene carbonate-containing solvent

Surface Modification of Carbon Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries by Fluorine and Chlorine

“…Surface areas are slightly increased by fluorination with F 2 , however, reduced by the fluorination with ClF 3 and NF 3 and plasma treatment as given in Table 9.4 [39,40,42]. Surface disorder slightly increases in all cases [38][39][40][41][42]. This may be the reason why charge capacities are not increased by the fluorination.…”

“…Fluorination was conducted using F 2 (3 × 10 4 Pa) for 2 min, and ClF 3 and NF 3 (3 × 10 4 Pa) for 5 min. Mesopore volumes are nearly the same before and after fluorination by F 2 , and highly reduced by the fluorination with ClF 3 and NF 3 and plasma treatment [39,40,42]. Mesopore volumes are nearly the same before and after fluorination by F 2 , and highly reduced by the fluorination with ClF 3 and NF 3 and plasma treatment [39,40,42].…”

“…Surface fluorination of natural graphite samples with average particle sizes of 5, 10, and 15 μm (abbreviated to NG5 μm, NG10 μm, and NG15 μm) and large surface areas of 13.9, 9.2, and 6.9 m 2 g −1 , respectively, provides different surface structure changes and electrochemical properties [38][39][40][41][42]. Fluorination was conducted using F 2 (3 × 10 4 Pa) for 2 min, and ClF 3 and NF 3 (3 × 10 4 Pa) for 5 min.…”

“…They are carbon coating [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], metal or metal oxide coating [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], surface oxidation [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], surface fluorination and chlorination [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52], and polymer, Si or Sb coating …”

Carbon Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…A prominent example is the incompatibility of PC-based electrolytes with some graphite materials. 280,374,[457][458][459][460][461][462][463][464][465][466][467][468][469][470][471] During the electrochemical insertion of lithium from PC-based electrolytes, the graphite structure might exfoliate leading to severe battery failure, whereas graphite exfoliation can be suppressed if PC is (partially) replaced by the lower cyclic carbonate homologue, EC. 347,348,461,462,464,[472][473][474][475][476][477][478][479] One reason for this different performance is the quality of the SEI layer formed on the carbon's surface.…”