Characters in the book lungs of Scorpiones (Chelicerata, Arachnida) revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Kamenz, Carsten; Dunlop, Jason A.; Scholtz, Gerhard

doi:10.1007/s00435-005-0115-1

Cited by 17 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…apparently protrude into the lumen of the air channels and prevent collapse of the lamellae in this region (Kamenz et al, 2005;Scholtz and Kamenz, 2006;Kamenz and Prendini, 2008). As shown in Figure 24B, the thicker cuticle of the space-holders can be seen when viewed dorsally from the hemolymph space.…”

Section: Book Lungs In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…There may also be differences in book lung development between basal and more derived families, but this has not been examined. In comparative studies of book lung ultrastructure in adult scorpions and tetrapulmonates, some differences (e.g., space-holder structure in air channels) were found among the scorpion families and between scorpions and tetrapulmonates, but the overall evidence for homology was considered substantial (Kamenz et al, 2005;Scholtz and Kamenz, 2006). The purpose of the present study is to extend analysis of book lung ultrastructure to cells and extracelluar material in the embryo and early developmental stadia in a representative buthid species with apoikogenic development.…”

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Detailed studies of the structure of book gills and book lungs in adult specimens show that specialized capabilities are needed for the cells that produce and shape the cuticle of lamellate respiratory organs (Kingsley, 1885(Kingsley, , 1893Berteaux, 1889;Moore, 1976;Hexter, 1982;Farley, 1990a,b;Reisinger et al, 1990Reisinger et al, , 1991Schmitz and Perry, 2000;Kamenz et al, 2005;Scholtz and Kamenz, 2006;Kamenz and Prendini, 2008). In addition to the layers of cuticle that form the air and fluid channels, the cells must produce the delicate trabeculae and connecting bridges (space-holders) that prevent lamellar collapse and blockage of air and fluid flow in the narrow passages.…”

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…B: Posterior region of book lung where the lamellae have reticulate, vein-like space-holders (arrows). Although the space-holder cuticle extends into the lumen of the air channel (Kamenz et al, 2005;Scholtz and Kamenz, 2006), the thicker cuticle of the space-holder ridges can be seen here from the hemolymph side of the lamellar wall. This side of the wall is also covered with a thin tissue layer (TL) apparently derived from cells (C) and their granular remains still adhering to the wall.…”

Section: Development Of Terrestrial Featuresmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Buthidae; Centruroides gracilis; book lungs; embryogenesis; molt; development; cytolysis; cuticle; apoptosis Among the chelicerates, respiratory organs consisting of multiple layers of thin-walled cuticle are considered to be especially important for our understanding of chelicerate evolutionary history and taxonomic relationships (Shultz, 1990(Shultz, , 2007bDunlop, 1998;Dunlop and Webster, 1999;Kamenz et al, 2005;Scholtz and Kamenz, 2006). The horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) have lamellate book gills extending outward from the ventral surface of their anterior abdomen (Lankester, 1881;Kingsley, 1885Kingsley, , 1892Kingsley, , 1893Lochhead, 1950;Reisinger et al, 1991;Shultz, 2001).…”

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of respiratory structures in embryos and first and second instars of the bark scorpion, Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Farley

2008

Journal of Morphology

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The SEM was used to study the development of respiratory structures in successive stages in relation to the overall changes occurring in the scorpions. Book lung development is a slow process, starting with spiracles and a sac-like atrium in the early embryo and continuing lamellar formation to 150 or more in the adult. In the embryo, the primordial epithelial cells become aligned in a planar pattern as they secrete granules of material that aggregate spontaneously to form the cuticular walls of the lamellae. A blade-like structure is formed consisting of cells sandwiched within the two cuticle walls they secreted. These cells are in the primordial air channel. The adjacent hemolymph channel is nearly devoid of cells, but cross-bridges develop and help stabilize the cuticle walls and maintain the width of the channel. The cells in the primordial air channel undergo cytolysis, leaving it open for air except for cuticular cross-bridges. Development continues in the newborn (first instars); the air channels of some lamellae still contain cells and are not yet functional for gas exchange. The first instars are weak and relatively inactive. They climb up on the mother's dorsum until the first molt (about 8 days). With the cuticular walls of the lamellae in place, cells adhering to the wall in the hemolymph channel produce a thin, new tissue layer (epithelium) on the lamellar wall facing the hemolymph channel. This layer has many discontinuities as though it is slowly developing. Formation of the tissue layer and cytolysis of the cells in the air channels continue through the first molt in which little book lung cuticle is shed as exuvium. The air channels of the second instars (foraging nymphs) are now cell free and open for air passage except for the cross-bridges. The tissue layer is still incomplete and continues to be formed. It may provide the hypodermal primordium for cuticle replacement in later molts, but development was not studied beyond the second instar except for comparison with book lungs in the adult. The blade-like lamellae in the adult are larger and more numerous than in the second instar, but in the anterior book lung the shape of the cuticle wall and cross-bridges and the widths of the air and hemolymph channels are about the same as in the second instar. The air channels in the posterior part of the lamellae have distinctive, vein-like space-holders. The similarity of the adult anterior lamellae with those in the second instar suggests retention of this part through the 4-5 molts to maturation, and/or cell processes like those in the embryo are repeated, but this needs to be examined in further studies of cell and cuticle changes before and during the molts.

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Section: Book Lungs In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Development Of Terrestrial Featuresmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Abstract: Scorpiones;mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of respiratory structures in embryos and first and second instars of the bark scorpion, Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Farley

2008

Journal of Morphology

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Arthropoda

Kennedy¹,

Trim²,

Laudier³

et al. 2021

Invertebrate Histology

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Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Hsia

Schmitz

Lambertz

et al. 2013

Comprehensive Physiology

278

147

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Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species; coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the “oxygen cascade”—step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated.

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Characters in the book lungs of Scorpiones (Chelicerata, Arachnida) revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Development of respiratory structures in embryos and first and second instars of the bark scorpion, Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Development of respiratory structures in embryos and first and second instars of the bark scorpion, Centruroides gracilis (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Arthropoda

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

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