Characterizing the two principal rock types comprising the Woodford Shale resource play: Application to shale geomechanics

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis and documentation of a popular outcrop (roadcut) of the Woodford Shale, known as the I-35 outcrop. At the bed scale, based on outcrop weathering responses, the lithology of the Woodford Shale is cyclically represented by two distinctive, intercalated rock types: soft (incompetent, ductile) siliceous shales and hard (competent, brittle) cherts. The detailed geologic characterization integrated results from several laboratory techniques: X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, total organic carbon (TOC), thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, rock hardness, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests. Experimentally, soft beds are ductile because they sustained significant plastic deformation before failure on UCS tests; these beds are finely laminated, clay-rich ([Formula: see text]), have very high TOC content ([Formula: see text]), very high concentrations of organic proxies (Mo, U) and detrital proxies (Ti, Zr, K, Al), and low Si/Al ratios. In contrast, hard beds are brittle because they sustained little to no plastic deformation before failure; these beds are massive (not visibly laminated), quartz-rich ([Formula: see text]), and have lower TOC content ([Formula: see text]), lower organic proxies (Mo, U), and lower detrital proxies (Ti, Zr, K, Al). The results from our study attest the outcrop-based distinction between soft and hard beds, as determined by systematic contrasts in composition, rock fabric, and mechanical properties. In addition, our results provide insights for the prediction of rock properties for the two principal rock types within the Woodford Shale, giving rise to speculation that if a proper physical distinction is made between soft and hard beds in cores or outcrops, few samples would work well for upscaling rock properties within larger intervals with incomplete sets of data, thus helping to reduce the costs/time related to acquiring large data sets. In addition, observations from this and other outcrops indicate the potentially best horizontal targets are those with approximately equal proportions of the two rock types.

Quantifying Centimeter- to Microscale Heterogeneities in Sedimentary, Compositional, and Geomechanical Properties of Siltstone Deposits in the Lower Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Canada

“…Additionally, studies focusing on the impact that composition (XRF and/or XRD) has on hardness commonly use scatter plots for trends between hardness and composition (e.g., [3,55,[57][58][59]). Figure 13 illustrates the most common elements (Ca, Al, Si, and Si/Al) plotted against hardness and general trends can be discerned.…”

“…For example, hardness has a positive relationship with Ca% and Si/Al, negative trend with Al%, and a neutral trend with Si%. However, with the added complexity of the microfacies in these plots, there is significant overlap, and relationships between microfacies, elemental composition, )-Eagle Ford [20], multiple Cretaceous formations [21], Horn River [63], Woodford [57], Perdrix (Duvernay outcrop-equivalent) [3], Second White Specks [64], Upper Montney Member [54], and Upper and Middle Montney members (this study). Hardness values from Vaisblat et al [54] are divided based by wells rather than facies and from right to left wells are deeper and represent more distal facies in the Upper Montney Formation.…”

“…Figure12: Comparison of hardness (HLD) and facies across multiple fine-grained formations in the US and Canada (modified from[62])-Eagle Ford[20], multiple Cretaceous formations[21], Horn River[63], Woodford[57], Perdrix (Duvernay outcrop-equivalent)[3], Second White Specks[64], Upper Montney Member[54], and Upper and Middle Montney members (this study). Hardness values from Vaisblat et al[54] are divided based by wells rather than facies and from right to left wells are deeper and represent more distal facies in the Upper Montney Formation.…”