Characterizing site response in the Attock Basin, Pakistan, using microtremor measurement analysis

Qadri, S. M. Talha; Islam, Md. Aminul; Shalaby, Mohamed Ragab; Khattak, Khaista Rehman; Sajjad, S. H.

doi:10.1007/s12517-017-3057-2

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Nogoshi & Igarashi (1970, 1971 are among the first to implement the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) to microtremor measurements, however the practice of this technique has faced many condemnation due to the uncertainty about microtremor sources. Many researchers (Ansary & Arefin, 2020;Qadri et al, 2015aQadri et al, , 2017Raymond, 2017;Singh et al, 2017) have paid a renewed interest for estimating dynamic properties of soils and structures using microtremor, since lucid and dependable information can be obtained by very easy and less costly noise measurements.…”

Section: Microtremor Survey Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of seismic vulnerability index of RAJUK area in Bangladesh using microtremor observations

Helaly¹,

Ansary²

2021

S&R

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Microtremor Horizontal to Vertical spectral ratio technique, also known as the Nakamura’s method is growing in status for site response analysis. 500 locations in RAJUK area (1530 km2) have been selected for microtremor observations. Microtremor data have been compiled and studied to estimate the predominant resonance frequency and H/V peak amplitude following the SESAME (2004) guideline. Finally, seismic vulnerability index of site soil using Nakamura’s technique has been determined from predominant resonance frequency and H/V peak amplitude parameter. The calculated seismic vulnerability index for the studied 500 locations varies between 0.16 and 7.28. The low seismic vulnerability index (Kg) value means that the areas are relatively stiff and underlain by substantial deposit of sediments. The relatively higher Kg values are spread in the soft alluvial deposit areas. The areas with high Kg values are considered as fragile zones that may initiate significant damage to infrastructure situated in those areas during an earthquake.

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Section: Microtremor Survey Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of seismic vulnerability index of RAJUK area in Bangladesh using microtremor observations

Helaly¹,

Ansary²

2021

S&R

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“…In the tectonic map of Pakistan, Kamra is located in the Karakoram-Himalaya crystalline thrust zone close to the northwest of Pakistan (see Figure 2). Kamra is in a seismically active zone and had a recent seismic event in October 2015 (M = 7.5) near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, which triggered a series of aftershocks with magnitudes greater than 6.5 [22]. The river Sehat and the Ghazi Brotha canal pass through the study area, and the rivers Kabul and Indus both pass near to Kamra, which may increase the probability of soil liquefaction.…”

Section: Geology and Seismic Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Kamra, Pakistan

Ahmad

Tang

Ahmad³

et al. 2018

Sustainability

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In seismically active regions, soil liquefaction is a serious geotechnical engineering problem that mainly occurs in saturated granular soils with a shallow groundwater table. Significant seismic hazards are present in Kamra, Pakistan. With the rapid increase in construction in recent years, the evaluation of liquefaction is now considered to be more important for land use planning and development. The intent of this study is to highlight soil liquefaction susceptibility that will eventually support the national authorities in developing guidelines for sustainable development and the mitigation of liquefaction. The typical subsoil profile of Kamra consists of silty gravel (GM) overlain by silty sand (SM), poorly graded sand (SP), and fill layers. Kamra is close to the active Ranja–Khairabad fault with a peak ground acceleration of 0.24g. The river Sehat and the Ghazi Brotha canal pass through the study area. In this study, the soil liquefaction potential in Kamra was assessed at 10 different sites (50 boreholes) by using a stress-based procedure for calculating the factor of safety against soil liquefaction. The results revealed that the middle layers, i.e., poorly graded sand and silty sand in the subsoil profile, are extremely susceptible to liquefaction during earthquakes with magnitudes between 7.5 and 8.0 in Kamra. The correlation between the factor of safety and the equivalent clean-sand-corrected standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts according to the earthquake magnitudes was developed and can also be utilized for areas adjoining Kamra that have the same subsoil profile.

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“…Attock city is situated within the latitude 33 • 30 29.24 and longitude 72 • 20 2.98 and marks the western boundary of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Attock city is located within seismic zone 2B and exhibits moderate seismicity [27]. Figure 1 represents the location of the study area.…”

Section: Geological Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment to Understand the Earthquake Hazard in Attock City, Pakistan: A Step towards Linking Hazards and Sustainability

et al. 2023

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Within the last three decades, twelve major earthquakes (Mw > 6.0) have jolted Pakistan and contributed to a heavy death toll and an economic loss of billions of dollars, which is immense for any underdeveloped country. Despite the generalized description of seismic hazards in various regions of Pakistan, densely populated cities still require a detailed and integrated vulnerability analysis to overcome the impact of a significant earthquake. This study aims to integrate seismic hazard assessment schemes to understand the vulnerability of Attock city against an earthquake. It initially evaluates the threat from an earthquake due to tectonic activity in the region, splits the region (about 200 km radius) into six seismic zones and uses area source parameters. The ground motion prediction equations compatible with the study area’s seismotectonic environment are also used in this study. Peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) and 5% damped spectral acceleration are critical features of ground motions. The site classification is carried within Attock city, indicating the presence of SB (foundation condition with Vs30 = 760 m/s), SC (foundation condition with Vs30 = 400 m/s) and SD (foundation condition with Vs30 = 300 m/s). The peak ground accelerations for a return period of 475 years at the SB, SC and SD sites are estimated as 0.23 g, 0.28 g and 0.30 g, respectively. Uniform hazard spectra are obtained for each site classification at three return periods (475, 975 and 2475 years). Another possible threat can be the local site conditions of the study area, as Attock city exists on the unlithified sediments of upper Pleistocene to Recent alluvial deposits. That is why microtremor recordings are conducted at 20 sites within Attock city to understand the fundamental frequency (f0), horizontal to vertical spectral amplitude (A0) and Kg parameter, a seismic vulnerability index. The values of f0 are found between 0.6 and 9 Hz and A0 is observed between 2.1 and 5 Hz, whereas the Kg is estimated between 0.24 and 20 Hz. Despite evidence of the seismic vulnerability of Attock city, the current building designs and infrastructure development are not synchronized with the uniform hazard response spectra and the soil amplification, thus enhancing the exposure of the study area to disaster during a major earthquake. This study will be instrumental in pre-disaster mitigation strategies for urban planners and policymakers.

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Characterizing site response in the Attock Basin, Pakistan, using microtremor measurement analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Assessment of seismic vulnerability index of RAJUK area in Bangladesh using microtremor observations

Assessment of seismic vulnerability index of RAJUK area in Bangladesh using microtremor observations

Assessment of Soil Liquefaction Potential in Kamra, Pakistan

Application of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment to Understand the Earthquake Hazard in Attock City, Pakistan: A Step towards Linking Hazards and Sustainability

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