Characterizing Microscopic Ice Particle Impacts onto a Rigid Surface: Wind Tunnel Setup and Analysis

Experimental Investigation of the Accretion and Shedding Process on a Heatable Naca0012 Airfoil in Ice Crystal Icing Conditions

“…The influence of particle rotation including melting of ice particles in an airflow with positive ambient temperatures was studied by Kintea et al and Hauk et al (Kintea et al, 2015;Hauk et al, 2016). The impact and fragmentation behavior of individual ice particles on rigid surfaces was the topic of many experimental studies (Guégan et al, 2011;Vargas et al, 2014;Vargas et al, 2015;Hauk et al, 2015;Hong and Moon, 2017;Han et al, 2018;Reitter et al, 2021;Karpen et al, 2021). The collected experimental data supported the development and validation of empirical and physical models (Trontin et al, 2016;Tippmann et al, 2013;Roisman and Tropea, 2015;Kintea et al, 2016a;Roisman, 2022;Senoner et al, 2022).…”

“…For this study, NACA0012 airfoils with a chord length of 178 mm and width of 100 mm were used. More details about the wind tunnel can be found in Hauk et al (Hauk et al, 2013) and in previous studies performed at ACRT (Karpen et al, 2021;Karpen et al, 2022).…”

Numerical modelling of ice: Mechanical behaviour of ice under high strain rates

“…At intermediate strain rates (~10 /s), compressive strength of ice increases compared with that in the static condition [11]. Regarding higher loading rates, SHPB is usually employed [13][14][15][16], as it can achieve a strain rate range from 10 /s up to 2600 /s under compressive loading conditions. Such a strain rate range is similar to those of impact cases (10 1 -10 3 /s).…”

“…Regarding ice impact tests, the impact loading profile and the collapse of ice projectiles are usually measured and captured [15,16]. Additionally to the shape, (e.g.…”

“…Besides controlling the manufacture process, efforts have also been made to improve the accuracy of measurements. For example, Pernas-Sánchez et al [20] utilized a mass-spring analogous system on a load cell to measure the impact force provided by the ice projectile, while high-speed cameras were used to record the impact process [15,16,19]. Both rigid [15,21] or aluminium targets [18], which have predictable material models, are used to inversely reproduce the ballistic behaviour of ice projectiles.…”