Characterizing Graphene, Graphite, and Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy

Dresselhaus, M. S.; Jório, Ado; Saito, Riichiro

doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-103919

Cited by 569 publications

(402 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The results from the Raman spectroscopy fits well with the previously observed TEM imgaes. As can be seen in Figure 3a, the Raman spectra of the untreated sample shows two peaks, one at ~1330 cm -1 , called the D-peak and a second peak at ~1580 cm -1 , the G-peak [30][31][32]. As reported for Aerographite, this carbon foams is consits of sp 2 and sp 3 carbon [11], which should be the same behaviour for the presented carbon structure.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Structural improvement of a bio-inspired 3D globular carbon foam by a continuously thermal treatment: A comprehensive study

Marx¹,

Beisch²,

Garlof³

et al. 2017

Adv Mater Sci

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The manufacturing of a 3D interconnected globular carbon foam, called Globugraphite, is based on the replication of the zinc oxide (ZnO) template morphology by carbon with simultaneous removing of the template material in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD -replica CVD (rCVD)) process. The growth mechanism of the presented carbon foam affected the formation of defects at the atomic level which leads in the following to graphitic pieces instead of layers. This substructure influences properties, such as electrical conductivity of the carbon foam negatively. By undergoing a temperature treatment at 1600°C, 1800°C, 2000°C and 2200°C in a protective gas atmosphere the carbon structure heals at the atomic level. The connection of the sp 2 /sp 3 graphitic pieces to graphitic sp 2 layers due to the thermal annealing is analysed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these analysis methods a model of the graphitization progress is created which explains the clearly increase of the electrical conductivity and the oxidation temperature.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Structural improvement of a bio-inspired 3D globular carbon foam by a continuously thermal treatment: A comprehensive study

Marx¹,

Beisch²,

Garlof³

et al. 2017

Adv Mater Sci

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“…The strength of such interfacial bonding, as evidenced by splitting of the π*feature in Supplementary Figure S6 (Supplementary Information), is greater for the graphene/Ni interface as compared with graphene grown on Cu. The peak shifts of the 2D Raman band can be related to its origin from a double-resonance phonon scattering process; SLG has no graphene layer-layer interaction and the intervalley scattering of the two phonons are degenerate, whereas the number of non-degenerate dispersions increases in bilayered graphene (increasing the number of K points and thus the number of possible scattering events) with the overall consequence of shifting and broadening of the 2D resonance 46,47 . Notably, charge transfer interactions with the underlying substrate can also shift the Raman modes of graphene.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging local electronic corrugations and doped regions in graphene

et al. 2011

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Electronic structure heterogeneities are ubiquitous in two-dimensional graphene and profoundly impact the transport properties of this material. Here we show the mapping of discrete electronic domains within a single graphene sheet using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy in conjunction with ab initio density functional theory calculations. scanning transmission X-ray microscopy imaging provides a wealth of detail regarding the extent to which the unoccupied levels of graphene are modified by corrugation, doping and adventitious impurities, as a result of synthesis and processing. Local electronic corrugations, visualized as distortions of the π*cloud, have been imaged alongside inhomogeneously doped regions characterized by distinctive spectral signatures of altered unoccupied density of states. The combination of density functional theory calculations, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy imaging, and in situ near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy experiments also provide resolution of a longstanding debate in the literature regarding the spectral assignments of pre-edge and interlayer states.

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“…The difference between stimulated Raman spectroscopy and coherent phonon spectroscopy is that the incident light is not always an ultrafast pulse in stimulated Raman spectroscopy. For an overview of Raman spectroscopy in graphene-related systems, the reader is referred to the literature [25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of coherent phonons in carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons

Sanders

Nugraha

Sato

et al. 2013

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

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We survey our recent theoretical studies on the generation and detection of coherent radial breathing mode (RBM) phonons in single-walled carbon nanotubes and coherent radial breathing like mode (RBLM) phonons in graphene nanoribbons. We present a microscopic theory for the electronic states, phonon modes, optical matrix elements and electron-phonon interaction matrix elements that allows us to calculate the coherent phonon spectrum. An extended tight-binding (ETB) model has been used for the electronic structure and a valence force field (VFF) model has been used for the phonon modes. The coherent phonon amplitudes satisfy a driven oscillator equation with the driving term depending on the photoexcited carrier density. We discuss the dependence of the coherent phonon spectrum on the nanotube chirality and type, and also on the graphene nanoribbon mod number and class (armchair versus zigzag). We compare these results with a simpler effective mass theory where reasonable agreement with the main features of the coherent phonon spectrum is found. In particular, the effective mass theory helps us to understand the initial phase of the coherent phonon oscillations for a given nanotube chirality and type. We compare these results to two different experiments for nanotubes: (i) micelle suspended tubes and (ii) aligned nanotube films. In the case of graphene nanoribbons, there are no experimental observations to date. We also discuss, based on the evaluation of the electron-phonon interaction matrix elements, the initial phase of the coherent phonon amplitude and its dependence on the chirality and type. Finally, we discuss previously unpublished results for coherent phonon amplitudes in zigzag nanoribbons obtained using an effective mass theory.

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Characterizing Graphene, Graphite, and Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 569 publications

References 66 publications

Structural improvement of a bio-inspired 3D globular carbon foam by a continuously thermal treatment: A comprehensive study

Structural improvement of a bio-inspired 3D globular carbon foam by a continuously thermal treatment: A comprehensive study

Imaging local electronic corrugations and doped regions in graphene

Theory of coherent phonons in carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons

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