Characterizing genetic diversity and population structure in onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes using agro-morphological and molecular markers

Abstract

Background It is crucial to gain understanding of crop diversity at the genetic and phenotypic levels. For breeding onion with higher yield and quality together with greater resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors agro-morphological and molecular characterization of onion genotypes is of utmost importance. Methods and results In the present study, genetic diversity in 49 onion genotypes were assessed using 6 agro-morphological descriptors, 19 quantitative traits along with 23 ISSR markers. All the agro-morphological descriptors were found polymorphic with Bulb: basic colour of dry skin (1.44) exhibiting the highest diversity index. The multivariate analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistic grouped 49 genotypes into seven clusters with highest inter cluster distance between V and VII (364.35). A total of 78 fragments were produced from 13 polymorphic primers with a mean of 6 alleles per primer. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.42 (UBC 835) to 0.75 (UBC 825) with a mean of 0.61 per primer. With a mean of 0.36, the inter-genotype genetic distance ranged from 0.12 to 0.72. Based on cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm, the genotypes were divided into two major clusters, whereas the cluster tree constructed using the described ISSR markers identified three major groups. The structure analysis divided the population into two main groups. Conclusion From the findings of present study, it can be stated that characterization at both molecular and morphological basis is of utmost importance to understand the genetic diversity in onion. Hybridization between distantly related genotypes can produce desirable transgressive segregants in future onion breeding programmes.