Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Joyal, Marilyne; Wensing, Tobias; Levasseur-Moreau, Jean; Leblond, Jean; Sack, Alexander T.; Fecteau, Shirley

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214998

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…13 There is also evidence of increased response latencies to both anxiety-related words and generally negative words when using emotional Stroop (eStroop) tasks across anxiety disorders, suggesting an attentional bias toward threat-related stimuli. 14 In younger adults, changes in emotion processing similar to those in other anxiety disorders have also been seen in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). For example, a meta-analysis of eStroop task performance in PTSD 15 found that individuals with PTSD, compared with healthy controls, showed impairments in the eStroop task when processing trauma-related and generally threatening, but not positive, information.…”

Section: Emotion Processing In Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion processing in depression and anxiety disorders in older adults: systematic review

2020

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Background Emotional cognition and effective interpretation of affective information is an important factor in social interactions and everyday functioning, and difficulties in these areas may contribute to aetiology and maintenance of mental health conditions. In younger people with depression and anxiety, research suggests significant alterations in behavioural and brain activation aspects of emotion processing, with a tendency to appraise neutral stimuli as negative and attend preferentially to negative stimuli. However, in ageing, research suggests that emotion processing becomes subject to a ‘positivity effect’, whereby older people attend more to positive than negative stimuli. Aims This review examines data from studies of emotion processing in Late-Life Depression and Late-Life Anxiety to attempt to understand the significance of emotion processing variations in these conditions, and their interaction with changes in emotion processing that occur with ageing. Method We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Articles that used an emotion-based processing task, examined older persons with depression or an anxiety disorder and included a healthy control group were included. Results In Late-Life Depression, there is little consistent behavioural evidence of impaired emotion processing, but there is evidence of altered brain circuitry during these processes. In Late-Life Anxiety and Post-Traumatic Stress disorder, there is evidence of interference with processing of negative or threat-related words. Conclusions How these findings fit with the positivity bias of ageing is not clear. Future research is required in larger groups, further examining the interaction between illness and age and the significance of age at disease onset.

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Section: Emotion Processing In Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion processing in depression and anxiety disorders in older adults: systematic review

2020

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“…The severity of dementia was not ascertained by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, cognitive function by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) or neuroimaging findings with magnetic resonance imaging/PET. We recommend that the Stroop score, as a generic defense response [ 63 ], concurring with chronic stress [ 64 ] may have dual advantages both as a stress test and as an early T3D dementia risk marker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stress Syndrome Prototype Reflects Type 3 Diabetes and Ischemic Stroke Risk: The SABPA Study

Malan

Hamer

Känel

et al. 2021

Biology

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Type 3 diabetes (T3D) accurately reflects that dementia, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, represents insulin resistance and neurodegeneration in the brain. Similar retinal microvascular changes were observed in Alzheimer’s and chronic stressed individuals. Hence, we aimed to show that chronic stress relates to T3D dementia signs and retinopathy, ultimately comprising a Stress syndrome prototype reflecting risk for T3D and stroke. A chronic stress and stroke risk phenotype (Stressed) score, independent of age, race or gender, was applied to stratify participants (N = 264; aged 44 ± 9 years) into high stress risk (Stressed, N = 159) and low stress risk (non-Stressed, N = 105) groups. We determined insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), which is interchangeable with T3D, and dementia risk markers (cognitive executive functioning (cognitiveexe-func); telomere length; waist circumference (WC), neuronal glia injury; neuron-specific enolase/NSE, S100B). Retinopathy was determined in the mydriatic eye. The Stressed group had greater incidence of HOMA-IR in the upper quartile (≥5), larger WC, poorer cognitiveexe-func control, shorter telomeres, consistently raised neuronal glia injury, fewer retinal arteries, narrower arteries, wider veins and a larger optic cup/disc ratio (C/D) compared to the non-Stressed group. Furthermore, of the stroke risk markers, arterial narrowing was related to glaucoma risk with a greater C/D, whilst retinal vein widening was related to HOMA-IR, poor cognitiveexe-func control and neuronal glia injury (Adjusted R2 0.30; p ≤ 0.05). These associations were not evident in the non-Stressed group. Logistic regression associations between the Stressed phenotype and four dementia risk markers (cognitiveexe-func, telomere length, NSE and WC) comprised a Stress syndrome prototype (area under the curve 0.80; sensitivity/specificity 85%/58%; p ≤ 0.001). The Stress syndrome prototype reflected risk for HOMA-IR (odds ratio (OR) 7.72) and retinal glia ischemia (OR 1.27) and vein widening (OR 1.03). The Stressed phenotype was associated with neuronal glia injury and retinal ischemia, potentiating glaucoma risk. The detrimental effect of chronic stress exemplified a Stress syndrome prototype reflecting risk for type 3 diabetes, neurodegeneration and ischemic stroke.

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“…While the relationship between slower color naming of trauma-relevant words and PTSD is more reliable, the relationship between trauma-irrelevant negative words and PTSD is less reliable and has not survived meta-analytic investigation (Joyal et al, 2019). Indeed, PTSD is characterized not only by "capture" of attention by trauma-related stimuli typically assessed in divided attention paradigms but also by greater vigilance for threatening information (Kimble et al, 2014) and difficulty disengaging attention from trauma-related words (El Khoury-Malhame et al, 2011;Pineles, Shipherd, Mostoufi, Abramovitz, & Yovel, 2009;Pineles, Shipherd, Welch, Yovel, 2007), suggesting the need for using more paradigms where threatening or negative stimuli are task-relevant and the target of attention.…”

Section: Attention and Memory Biases In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of attention and memory biases for negative stimuli with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms

Imbriano¹,

Mohanty²

2020

Preprint

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Cognitive models have highlighted attentional and memory biases to negatively valenced emotional stimuli, and their association, in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, research has focused mainly on attentional biases towards distracting (not task-relevant) negative stimuli and the links of attentional biases with memory remain underexplored. We manipulated attention during encoding of trauma-irrelevant negative and neutral words and examined the differential relationship of their encoding and recall with PTSD symptoms. Responders to the World Trade Center disaster performed tasks in which they read negative and neural words (full attention, FA) and reported the color of another set of such words (divided-attention, DA). Subsequently, participants used word stems to aid retrieval of words shown in both tasks. PTSD symptoms were associated with slower performance for negative vs neutral words in FA but not DA tasks. Furthermore, greater PTSD symptoms severity was associated with more accurate recall of negative vs neutral words, irrespective of whether words were presented on FA or DA tasks. These findings suggest that PTSD symptoms in a trauma-exposed population are related to encoding of trauma-irrelevant negative information when attention is fully deployed and subsequent recall of negative information, irrespective of whether attention was fully deployed.

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Characterizing emotional Stroop interference in posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 45 publications

References 108 publications

Emotion processing in depression and anxiety disorders in older adults: systematic review

Emotion processing in depression and anxiety disorders in older adults: systematic review

A Stress Syndrome Prototype Reflects Type 3 Diabetes and Ischemic Stroke Risk: The SABPA Study

Association of attention and memory biases for negative stimuli with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms

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