Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction

Castellanos, F. Xavier; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund; Milham, Michael P.; Tannock, Rosemary

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011

Cited by 1,009 publications

(844 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Barkley 1997), and at the very least, one of the key executive function deficits within an integrative model of the ADHD spectrum (e.g. Castellanos et al 2006). Test batteries that include measures of action inhibition (stopsignal and go/no-go tasks) are extensively used in ADHD research ).…”

Section: The Unitary Concept Of 'Action Inhibition'mentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

2008

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Background and rationale The term 'action inhibition' encapsulates the ability to prevent any form of planned physical response. Growing evidence suggests that different 'stages' or even subtypes of action inhibition activate subtly different neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical processes. Objectives In this review, we present evidence from two commonly used and apparently similar behavioural tests, the stop-signal task and the go/no-go task, to determine if these have similar neuroanatomical and neurochemical modulation. Results Whilst performance of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks is modulated across only subtly different anatomical networks, serotonin (5-HT) is strongly implicated in inhibitory control on the go/no-go but not the stop-signal task, whereas the stop-signal reaction time appears more sensitive to the action of noradrenaline. Conclusions There is clear neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical evidence that stop-signal and go/no-go tasks represent different forms of action inhibition. This evidence translates with remarkable consistency across species. We discuss the possible implications of this evidence with respect to the development of novel therapeutic treatments for disorders in which inhibitory deficits are prominent and debilitating.

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Section: The Unitary Concept Of 'Action Inhibition'mentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

2008

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“…Although neuropsychological models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have often focused on the role of cognitive deficits, motivational factors have also been implicated in the disorder (Castellanos, Sonuga-Barke, Tannock, & Milham, 2006). A recent review concluded that, on the basis of existing data, one of the most robust motivational markers in ADHD was a preference for smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards (Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion.

et al. 2009

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Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) choose smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards more than controls. Here we assess the contributions of impulsive drive for immediate rewards (IDIR) and delay aversion (DAv) to this pattern. We also explore the characteristics of, and the degree of familiality in, ADHD SS responders. We had 360 ADHD probands; 349 siblings and 112 controls (aged between 6 to 17 years) chose between SS (1 point after 2 s) and LL reward (2 points after 30 s) outcomes on the Maudsley Index of Delay Aversion (Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, Stevenson, 2001): Under one condition SS choice led to less overall trial delay under another it did not. ADHD participants chose SS more than controls under both conditions. This effect was larger when SS choice reduced trial delay. ADHD SS responders were younger, had lower IQ, more conduct disorder and had siblings who were more likely to be SS responders themselves. The results support a dual component model in which both IDIR and DAv contribute to SS choice in ADHD. SS choice may be a marker of an ADHD motivational subtype. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

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“…Beside core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and impaired sustained attention, which are also found in other syndromes, ADHD children often display accompanying behavioral difficulties, including a disinhibited conduct and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Snyder et al, 2002). According to the dominant model, ADHD is viewed as an executive dysfunction (Doyle, 2006;Castellanos et al, 2006;Willcutt et al, 2005), but alternative accounts present ADHD as a motivational dysfunction (Sonuga-Barke, 2005), arising from altered reward processes within fronto-striatal circuits (Sagvolden and Sergeant, 1998;Oades, 1998). Very frequently comorbid with ADHD (Sood et al, 2003), PG is a chronic, progressive disorder with a prevalence of 1-4%, and is rapidly emerging as a mental health concern among Western civilizations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Increased impulsive behavior and risk proneness following lentivirus-mediated dopamine transporter over-expression in rats' nucleus accumbens

et al. 2009

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Abstract-Multiple theories have been proposed for sensation seeking and vulnerability to impulse-control disorders [Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM (2000) Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. J Pers 68:999 -1029], and many of these rely on a dopamine system deficit. Available animal models reproduce only some behavioral symptoms and seem devoid of construct validity. We used lentivirus tools for over-expressing or silencing the dopamine transporter (DAT) and we evaluated the resulting behavioral profiles in terms of motivation and self-control. Wistar adult rats received stereotaxic inoculation of a lentivirus that allowed localized intra-accumbens delivery of a DAT gene enhancer/ silencer, or the green fluorescent protein, GFP. These animals were studied for intolerance to delay, risk proneness and novelty seeking. As expected, controls shifted their demanding from a large reward toward a small one when the delivery of the former was increasingly delayed (or uncertain). Interestingly, in the absence of general locomotor effects, DAT over-expressing rats showed increased impulsivity (i.e. a more marked shift of demanding from the large/ delayed toward the small/soon reward), and increased risk proneness (i.e. a less marked shift from the large/uncertain toward the small/sure reward), compared with controls. Rats with enhanced or silenced DAT expression did not show any significant preference for a novel environment. In summary, consistent with literature on comorbidity between attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and pathological gambling, we demonstrate that DAT over-expression in rats' nucleus accumbens leads to impulsive and risk prone phenotype. Thus, a reduced dopaminergic tone following altered accumbal DAT function may subserve a sensation-seeker phenotype and the vulnerability to impulse-control disorders.

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Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction

Cited by 1,009 publications

References 63 publications

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion.

Increased impulsive behavior and risk proneness following lentivirus-mediated dopamine transporter over-expression in rats' nucleus accumbens

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