Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals––a review

Xiao, Zhixian; Laplante, A.R.

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2004.04.001

Cited by 91 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A significant proportion of these reserves are located in a geological structure known as the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), out of which ca. 80 % and 45 % of the world's platinum group metals (PGMs) and chromium, respectively, are produced (Cramer et al, 2004;Xiao and Laplante, 2004;Beukes et al, 2010). The most important use of PGMs is for the production of catalytic converters in automotive exhaust systems, which improve air quality.…”

Section: A Hirsikko Et Al: Characterisation Of Sub-micron Particle mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High stack industry emissions can therefore accumulate between two inversion layers during nighttime, which is then released after the break-up of the inversion layers in the morning, hence resulting in a release of pollution at ground level. It is known that the PGM industry in this area has relatively high SO 2 emissions, since this industry utilises sulphite ore (Xiao and Laplante, 2004) that generate substantial SO 2 emissions. Thus, based on our observations we have identified two particle sources: SO 2 -based nucleation before or at midday and domestic burning during the morning and evening.…”

Section: Variation Of Particle Number Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa

et al. 2012

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Abstract. South Africa holds significant mineral resources, with a substantial fraction of these reserves occurring and being processed in a large geological structure termed the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The area is also highly populated by informal, semi-formal and formal residential developments. However, knowledge of air quality and research related to the atmosphere is still very limited in the area. In order to investigate the characteristics and processes affecting sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events, air ion and aerosol particle size distributions and number concentrations, together with meteorological parameters, trace gases and particulate matter (PM) were measured for over two years at Marikana in the heart of the western BIC. The observations showed that trace gas (i.e. SO 2 , NO x , CO) and black carbon concentrations were relatively high, but in general within the limits of local air quality standards. The area was characterised by very high condensation sink due to background aerosol particles, PM 10 and O 3 concentration. The results indicated that high amounts of Aitken and accumulation mode particles originated from domestic burning for heating and cooking in the morning and evening, while during daytime SO 2 -based nucleation followed by the growth by condensation of vapours from industrial, residential and natural sources was the most probable source for large number concentrations of nucleation and Aitken mode particles. Nucleation event day frequency was extremely high, i.e. 86 % of the analysed days, which to the knowledge of the authors is the highest frequency ever reported. The air mass back trajectory and wind direction analyses showed that the secondary particle formation was influenced both by local and regional pollution and vapour sources. Therefore, our observation of the annual cycle and magnitude of the particle formation and growth rates during nucleation events were similar to results previously published for a semi-clean savannah site in South Africa.

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Section: A Hirsikko Et Al: Characterisation Of Sub-micron Particle mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variation Of Particle Number Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa

et al. 2012

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“…There are many publications reviewing copper and/or nickel hydrometallurgy or the combination pyro-hydrometallurgy processes as a pre-treatment step toward PGM recovery from ores/concentrates (Li et al, 2013;Li and Miller, 2006;Wang, 2005;Xiao and Laplante, 2004;Fleming, 2002;Maurice and Hawk, 1999;La Brooy et al, 1994). However, the exact chalcopyrite leaching mechanism is not proven, the final flowsheet (universal process) for its treatment from ores/concentrates is still not determined.…”

Section: Existing Technologies In the Extractive Metallurgy Of Lowgramentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct leach approaches to Platinum Group Metal (PGM) ores and concentrates: A review

Mpinga

Eksteen

Aldrich

et al. 2015

Minerals Engineering

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“…Sperrylite is the only mineral that is most commonly found as nearly fully liberated, large grains. Because the mass-balance distribution indicates that 99% of Pt is carried by the sperrylite, which is coarse-grained and well liberated, the majority of Pt should be easily concentrated by gravity methods (as summarized in Xiao & Laplante 2004).…”

Section: Considerations Of Deportment and Recovery Of Precious Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MINERALOGY OF RARE OCCURRENCES OF PRECIOUS-METAL-ENRICHED MASSIVE SULFIDE IN THE VOISEY'S BAY Ni-Cu-Co OVOID DEPOSIT, LABRADOR, CANADA

Kelvin

Sylvester

Cabri

2011

The Canadian Mineralogist

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The Voisey's Bay Ovoid Ni-Cu-Co magmatic sulfide deposit, Labrador, is generally poor in precious metals (Pt, Pd, Ag, Au), but unusual occurrences with elevated levels (Pt + Pd > 0.5 ppm) are present. We present a quantitative description of the precious-metal mineralogy of four such occurrences within massive sulfides. The four samples, all from near the center of the Ovoid, were examined by SEM-based Mineral Liberation Analysis for characterization of precious-metal minerals. Distributions of precious metals among the major sulfide minerals were estimated using mass-balance calculations based on bulk assays of the samples and the proportions and compositions of the minerals. The results indicate that the majority of precious metals are present as discrete mineral phases including sperrylite, froodite, michenerite, Au-Ag alloy, volynskite, stützite and acanthite, whereas minor to moderate amounts of Pt, Pd, Ag and Au are found in solid solution in pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and galena. The precious-metal minerals are normally associated with pentlandite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and magnetite, and rarely with breithauptite (NiSb), altaite (PbTe), other precious-metal minerals and native bismuth. With the exception of sperrylite, which is coarse grained and liberated easily by electric pulse disaggregation, the precious-metal minerals are most commonly found as fine inclusions in pentlandite and galena, and less so as larger attachments. The associations are consistent with previously reported precious-metal mineral data from a hornblende gabbro dyke of the Southeast Extension Zone at Voisey's Bay, demonstrating similar modes of crystallization, which are likely related to crystallization of a highly differentiated sulfide magma in both areas. Processing of Pt from sperrylite and perhaps Pd from froodite could be achieved in ores with a mineralogy similar to the samples described here by grinding, and gravity or flotation methods, but the Au-Ag alloy, volynskite and stützite would likely be too fine to recover as discrete grains for Ag and Au concentration. Instead, the Ag and Au could be recovered as a by-product of Ni-Cu-Co processing of the pentlandite and chalcopyrite, which are the major hosts of the Ag and Au minerals. SoMMAiReLe gisement Ovoid de sulfures magmatiques de Ni-Cu-Co à Voisey's Bay, au Labrador, est généralement appauvri en métaux précieux (Pt, Pd, Ag, Au), mais il y a néanmoins des indices inhabituels ayant des teneurs élevées (Pt + Pd > 0.5 ppm). Nous présentons une description quantitative des minéraux porteurs de ces métaux précieux dans quatre de ces indices au sein des amas de sulfures massifs. Les quatre échantillons, prélevés près du centre du gisement Ovoid, ont été examinés avec un microscope électronique à balayage et une analyse des minéraux libérés afin de caractériser les minéraux porteurs des métaux précieux. Nous avons évalué la distribution des métaux précieux parmi les sulfures importants en effectuant des calculs des bilans de masse fondés sur les résultats...

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Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals––a review

Cited by 91 publications

References 10 publications

Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa

Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa

Direct leach approaches to Platinum Group Metal (PGM) ores and concentrates: A review

MINERALOGY OF RARE OCCURRENCES OF PRECIOUS-METAL-ENRICHED MASSIVE SULFIDE IN THE VOISEY'S BAY Ni-Cu-Co OVOID DEPOSIT, LABRADOR, CANADA

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