Characterization Study of an Oxide Film Layer Produced under CO2/Steam Atmospheres on Two Different Maraging Steel Grades

Florez, Mauro Andres Cerra; Fargas, Gemma; Rovira, Josep María Puig; Vilarrasa-García, Enrique; Rodríguez‐Castellón, Enrique; Sousa, Ana Beatriz Ferreira; Cardoso, Jorge Luiz; Silva, Marcelo José Gomes da

doi:10.3390/met11050746

Cited by 6 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 93%

“…As it is evident in Table 4, Ni shows a higher concentration in the oxide layer near the metal base interface. This fact may be related to the generation of an γ-bonding layer at the oxide layer/metal base interface, in fair agreement with References [8,9,[24][25][26] and also found by X-ray diffraction XRD (see Figure 4). A decreasing compositional gradient towards the surface was also observed on Figure 7d, suggesting the formation of oxide compounds.…”

Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 89%

“…A decreasing compositional gradient towards the surface was also observed on Figure 7d, suggesting the formation of oxide compounds. The obtained results are in concordance with those reported in References [8,24,26]. In order to observe the microstructure, as well as be able to determine the oxide layer thickness, a cross section micrograph was done by means of focused ion beam (FIB) (Figure 7a).…”

Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 87%

“…Additionally, the (Fe, Co, Ni) spinel oxide appears at {111}, {220}, {311}, {400}, {422}, {511} and {400} in agreement with [22]. On the other hand, the peak {111} at 2θ around 51 • , indicates the presence of the austenitic (γ) phase [23,24]. This γ-phase is rich in Fe, Co, and mainly in Ni, as found in References [8,9,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…On the other hand, the peak {111} at 2θ around 51 • , indicates the presence of the austenitic (γ) phase [23,24]. This γ-phase is rich in Fe, Co, and mainly in Ni, as found in References [8,9,[24][25][26]. This layer will act as a bonding layer and will enhance the adhesion between the oxidized layer and the metallic substrate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxidation Behavior of Maraging 300 Alloy Exposed to Nitrogen/Water Vapor Atmosphere at 500 °C

Florez

Fargas

Cardoso

et al. 2021

Metals

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Aging heat treatments in maraging steels are fundamental to achieve the excellent mechanical properties required in several industries, i.e., nuclear, automotive, etc. In this research, samples of maraging 300 alloy were aged using a novel procedure that combines different steps with two atmospheres (nitrogen and water vapor) for several hours. The oxidized surface layer was chemical, microstructural and micromechanically characterized. Due to the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions, these gases reacted and change the surface chemistry of this steel producing a thin iron-based oxide layer of a homogeneous thickness of around 500 nm. Within the aforementioned information, porosity and other microstructural defects showed a non-homogeneous oxide, mainly constituted by magnetite, nickel ferrite, cobalt ferrite, and a small amount of hematite in the more external parts of the oxide layer. In this sense, from a chemical point of view, the heat treatment under specific atmosphere allows to induce a thin magnetic layer in a mixture of iron, nickel, and cobalt spinel ferrites. On the other hand, the oxide layer presents an adhesive force 99 mN value that shows the capability for being used for tribological applications under sliding contact tests.

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Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Eds Quantitative Analysis From a And B Points (Wt %)supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Oxidation Behavior of Maraging 300 Alloy Exposed to Nitrogen/Water Vapor Atmosphere at 500 °C

Florez

Fargas

Cardoso

et al. 2021

Metals

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Structural characterization of iron oxide grown on 18% Ni-Co-Mo-Ti ferrous base alloy aged under superheated steam atmosphere

Cardoso

Igreja

Garcia

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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18% Ni-Co-Mo-Ti Ferrous base alloys are special materials, widely used in the industry of isotopic enrichment after speci c annealing and aging thermal treatment. The desirable high mechanical properties can then be attained by adequate aging heat treatment, answering the structural materials speci cations required by defense applications in aerospace and nuclear engineering. For instance, the isotopic enrichment, in rocket engine envelope application, when associated with high temperature and chemical residues like acidic solutions, can induce corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement in martensite structures. To limit these corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement phenomena, an adherent and protective layer of iron oxides can be grown on the material surface by using adequate atmosphere during the aging treatment. Due to its application in strategic areas, the characterization of these oxide layers in maraging steels is of importance as well as the understanding of their growth kinetics. For this purpose, several techniques, such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES), Microabrasive wear testing, Hardness, Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), have been performed for chemical and structural characterization of the oxide lms formed after vapor exposed thermal aging at 510°C . The oxide layer consists mostly in two sub-layers composed by magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and an external layer of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ). A thick interface between the oxide layer and the bulk is enriched in Ti and Mo, whereas the analyses of deep bulk material show an enriched area with Ni and Co. HighlightsSeveral techniques were applied for Maraging steel layers characterization.A new approach by calotest, nanohardness and X-ray quanti cation were employed.Layers characterization was analyzed and discussed in agreement with literature.The layers distinction was satisfactorily evaluated.

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Synthesis and Characterization of an Fe/Co Ferrite Spinel Oxide Film Produced by Using N2/Steam Heat Treatment on Two Maraging Steels

Florez

Fargas

Rovira

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans A

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An experimental procedure was developed to obtain an oxide layer formed mainly by spinel on maraging steels. It consists of different stages with specific conditions, such as atmospheres rich in nitrogen and water vapor, and different steps of temperatures and times. Tests were performed on grade 300 and 350 maraging steels. Oxide layer characterization was done using optical and electron microscopy, spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoscratch tests in order to determine the adhesion force as well as to observe the main deformation mechanism induced under sliding tests. In both steels, oxide layers are formed by the spinel's Fe 3 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4 in amounts close to ca. 85 pct, whereas TiO 2 and MoO 3 represent the other 15 pct. No hematite was found. The low oxygen availability during the heat treatment was fundamental for avoiding hematite formation. A nickel-rich austenitic phase formed at the metal-oxide interface due the kinetics of the oxidation process of the cobalt, iron, and molybdenum. The particular conditions of the heat treatments induced the formation of a mixture of iron, nickel, and cobalt spinel ferrites, thereby contradicting previous studies that said that only magnetite would be formed. The sliding tests at the nanometric length scale highlight that the layer formed on maraging 300 grade presents a better adhesion than the other investigated material due to the fact that it requires more load in order to induce cracks located at the edge of the sliding track and, subsequently, the chipping of the formed layer.

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Characterization Study of an Oxide Film Layer Produced under CO2/Steam Atmospheres on Two Different Maraging Steel Grades

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Oxidation Behavior of Maraging 300 Alloy Exposed to Nitrogen/Water Vapor Atmosphere at 500 °C

Oxidation Behavior of Maraging 300 Alloy Exposed to Nitrogen/Water Vapor Atmosphere at 500 °C

Structural characterization of iron oxide grown on 18% Ni-Co-Mo-Ti ferrous base alloy aged under superheated steam atmosphere

Synthesis and Characterization of an Fe/Co Ferrite Spinel Oxide Film Produced by Using N2/Steam Heat Treatment on Two Maraging Steels

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