Characterization, Stability Assessment, Antioxidant Evaluation and Cell Proliferation Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil-based Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Loaded with Ficus deltoidea Extract

Abstract

In this study, the Ficus deltoidea extract loaded nanostructured lipid carrier was prepared by using the melt emulsification homogenization method. Virgin coconut oil is used as liquid lipid, while glyceryl monostearate is the solid lipid. Particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and morphology of the obtained nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) were measured. The size of the nanostructured lipid carrier incorporated with Ficus deltoidea (FDNLC) is 158.0 ± 1.3 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.02. The zeta potential obtained is −42.3 ± 1.5 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and active ingredient loading capacity for FDNLC is 87.4% ± 1.3% and 8.5% ± 1.2%, respectively. The shape of FDNLC is almost spherical and the stability assessment showed that the obtained formulation is at least stable for 40 days. When compared with the positive controls, which are Trolox and ascorbic acid, FDNLC shows the highest antioxidant value. Cell proliferation activity study indicates that FDNLC is not toxic to cells, and FDNLC could potentially treat damage by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation.

Characterization and stability assessment of Ocimum gratissimum leaves extract loaded nanostructured lipid carrier

“…HLB value has negative correlation to the encapsulation efficiency of NLC as shown in Exhibit 3. This proved that the low value of encapsulation efficiency might be due to the hydrophilic character of the formulation (Azmi et al., 2020). Moreover, the higher the solubility of drug in lipid blend, indicates high EE and led to lower occurrence of drug escape from the crystalline matrix of NLC (Fang et al., 2015).…”

“…In this method, lipid phase and aqueous phase were prepared separately. The detailed sample formulation and compositions are adapted by the previous study with some modification can be refer in Exhibit 1 (Azmi et al., 2020; Han et al., 2008).…”

“…The lipid phase of GMS was mixed with virgin coconut oil and the mixture was put under heat of 80 • C until it is fully melted and mixed (Azmi et al, 2020). For the aqueous mixture, tween 80 (1.0%, 2.0%, 2.5%) and soy lecithin (2.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%) are mixed into distilled water (100 q.s) and then the aqueous mixture was stirred and put under heat at 80 • C until it is well mixed (Han et al, 2008).…”

Ag Nanoparticle-Incorporated Natural Rubber for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Application

“…It was found that particle size analysis from the TEM images showed an inconsistency with the UV–vis absorption result in that the average particle size of the AgNPs (1.5 mM CTAB) was 5 nm, which was smaller than that of the AgNPs (1.0 mM CTAB), which was 9 nm. This can be ascribed to the increasing surfactant concentration causing the reduction in surface tension and stabilizing newly developed surfaces during homogenization and produce smaller particles [ 38 , 39 ]. This also resulted in the formation of a smaller number of particles (lower AgNP concentration), which can be observed from the lighter solution color at high CTAB concentration ( Figure 1 a).…”

Formulation and evaluation of virgin coconut oil (VCO) lotion: Effect of variation in emulsifier type and concentration

“…The addition of 5% concentration produced lotion with a pleasant physical appearances and sensory atributes. Azmi et al (2020) demonstrated that adding VCO into Ficus deltoidea extract did not show irritation or was toxic to normal skin. They reported that the formulation could be used to treat skin damage caused by Ultraviolet B (UVB), yet in-depth investigation is critical.…”