Characterization of Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on TiCl3 synthesized by different methods

Coutinho, Fernanda M. B.; Costa, Marcos Heil; Santos, Ana Letícia; Costa, Thais H.S.; Maria, Luiz C. Santa; Pereira, Romeu A.

doi:10.1007/bf00323753

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…TiCl 3 is well-established in industrial applications as one of the most important Ziegler–Natta catalysts for the synthesis of stereospecific olefins (polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene). − The main advantage of Ziegler–Natta pathways is its enormous flexibility, e.g., the polymer properties and the chain length can be adjusted by copolymerization with 1-alkenes, respectively, with hydrogen . As a consequence, it is possible to synthesize a broad range of polyolefins with different average molecular mass and density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

et al. 2019

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The transition metal halide α-titanium(III) chloride (α-TiCl 3 ) is a layered two-dimensional compound and a well-established Ziegler−Natta catalyst for the polymerization of ethylene. A new synthesis technique is used to obtain thin sheets of α-TiCl 3 that show exceptional physical properties in contrast to their bulk counterparts, due to an enlarged surface-to-volume ratio. Chemical vapor transport (CVT) of α-titanium(III) chloride directly on substrates results in microsheets that exhibit an improved catalytic effect. For rational planning of synthesis conditions, thermodynamic simulations of occurring gas-phase equilibria were performed. Based on these calculation results, crystal growth was achieved by adding GaCl 3 via pure short term CVT in a temperature gradient of 700−600 K on yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates. Phase pure, as-grown, single crystal sheets with high crystallinity and a thickness of around 4 μm were obtained. These thin sheets of α-TiCl 3 on YSZ substrates were implemented as catalysts for the ethylene polymerization reaction. A significant improvement of catalytic activity of 16% was achieved, probably due to an increased surface-to-volume ratio. As a highlight, the as-grown microsheets were exfoliated subsequently to a thickness lower than 200 nm and an even higher catalytic activity of up to 24% was confirmed experimentally due to delamination effects. This is the first time that an improved catalytic effect of α-TiCl 3 is observed as a result of downscaling from bulk to microsheets by CVT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

et al. 2019

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“…The recrystallization method of Z-N catalyst synthesis using TiCl4/TiCl3 has also been an industrially recognized process for the catalysis of the commercial polymerization process [5,18]. This method involves the solubilization of MgCl2 in organic media (R-OH) and the recrystallization of MgCl2 from the solution, and the newly generated porous MgCl2 belongs to a γ-type MgCl2 crystal structure, which is much better in supporting TiCl4 [11,19]. Different conditions of the recrystallization process, such as recrystallization temperature, amount of co-catalyst, amount of MgCl2, and the ratio of Mg/Ti have been investigated so far [5,6,11,[18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Ziegler-Natta Catalyst using Malaysian Ilmenite Derived TiCl4 via Recrystallization Method: A Statistical Approach

Udayakumar

Ibrahim

Chien

et al. 2020

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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In the current study, Ziegler-Natta (Z-N) catalyst was synthesized via recrystallization method using MgCl2 as a support, AlCl3 as an activator and TiCl4 as a transition metal source. The TiCl4 used in the study was derived from Malaysian ilmenite through a sequential pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process of ilmenite concentrate conversion to TiCl4. The recrystallization method of synthesis of the heterogeneous Z-N catalyst was studied by varying the synthesis parameters, such as the combined amount of MgCl2 and AlCl3, temperature, and amount of TiCl4, using statistical design of experiments. The investigation aimed at determining the best conditions for synthesizing the heterogeneous Z-N catalyst. The synthesis conditions posed a significant influence on the Ti content present in the catalyst product. The morphological and elemental analysis of SEM-EDX showed good spherical nature of the prepared catalysts. The XRD phase analysis detected the peaks of MgCl2, MgCl2-Ethanol, MgCl2/TiClx, and TiO2. The IR spectra confirmed the presence of the Mg-Cl bond at 1635 cm−1 and Ti-Cl bonds at 602 cm-1 and 498 cm-1. The produced catalyst contained a small amount of TiO2, which could be due to the seepage of moisture during the analysis or storage of the sample. The most favourable combination of the studied parameters was determined based on the Ti content in the catalyst product. Therefore, the best conditions for synthesizing the heterogeneous Z-N catalyst with high Ti content (181.1 mg/L) was at a combined amount of 2 g of MgCl2 for 6 g of AlCl3, crystallization temperature of 80 °C, and 2 mL dosage of TiCl4. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Highly active and stereospecific catalyst based on β-TiCl3 for propylene polymerization

Costa

Silva

Coutinho

et al. 1996

Polymer

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Characterization of Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on TiCl3 synthesized by different methods

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

Synthesis of Ziegler-Natta Catalyst using Malaysian Ilmenite Derived TiCl4 via Recrystallization Method: A Statistical Approach

Highly active and stereospecific catalyst based on β-TiCl3 for propylene polymerization

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Characterization of Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on TiCl3 synthesized by different methods

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Layered α-TiCl3: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

Layered α-TiCl3: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

Synthesis of Ziegler-Natta Catalyst using Malaysian Ilmenite Derived TiCl4 via Recrystallization Method: A Statistical Approach

Highly active and stereospecific catalyst based on β-TiCl3 for propylene polymerization

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Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity

Layered α-TiCl₃: Microsheets on YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity