Characterization of wood plastic composite based on HDPE and cashew nutshells processed in a thermokinetic mixer

Gomes, Victor N.C.; Carvalho, Amanda Galvão; Furukava, Marciano; Medeiros, Eliton S.; Colombo, Ciliana Regina; Mélo, Tomás Jefférson Alves de; Araújo, Edcleide Maria; Morais, Dayanne Diniz Souza; Ueki, Marcelo Massayoshi; Paskocimas, C. A.; Santos, Amélia S.F.

doi:10.1002/pc.24257

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…2 and 3, increases in the MAPP content results in a decline in the composite melts' complex viscosities for both 10% and 30% WF contents. This observation aligns with findings from previous studies, where researchers have consistently reported a reduction in composite viscosity attributed to the plasticizing effect of MAPP [18][19][20][21]. The plasticizing effect of MAPP can be attributed to its higher Melt Flow Index (MFI), which inherently enhances the flow behaviour of the matrix.…”

Section: Complex Viscosity Of Wpcsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In contrast, the inclusion of MAPP resulted in an increase in strain due to its plasticizing effect. As aforementioned, the MAPP coupling agent migrates to the matrix-WF interphase, where it enhances adhesion [21, 23,25]. However, owing to its plasticizing effect, it facilitates WF wetting, thereby improving flowability upon shear stress application.…”

Section: Creep Behaviour Of Melt Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MAPP optimization through elucidation of wood plastic composite microstructural behaviour in melt and solid state

Mabuto,

Skosana,

Hlangothi

2024

Preprint

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The compatibility of wood flour (WF) and thermoplastic matrix in wood plastic composites (WPC) has over the years been improved by means of coupling agents, surfactants and filler or matrix surface modifications. However, understanding the composite microstructure and the effects of coupling agents on microstructural behavior is pertinent for process optimizations. In the current work, the effect of varying maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) amount at 10 and 30% WF contents on composite microstructure was investigated by monitoring changes in their rheo-mechanical properties. The study revealed that increase in the WF content increases the composite melt’s complex viscosity, dynamic moduli, stress, and creep flow resistance. In the absence of MAPP, the tensile strength, impact strength, and the elongation at break were reduced with WF content due to prevalent WF agglomerations. Incorporating MAPP in 1, 3, and 5% amounts showed a corresponding decrease in the abovementioned rheological properties while the tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break increased. Composites containing 10% WF content exhibited a levelling effect at 1% MAPP, while those containing 30% WF levelled off at 3% MAPP. This was indicative of a possible competitive process upon reaching the MAPP optima, resulting in zero or insignificant property changes upon further MAPP additions. Evidently, at 30% WF content, 5% MAPP exhibited discrepant behaviour characterized by higher complex viscosity, dynamic moduli, stress, creep flow resistance and levelling of mechanical properties compared to 3% MAPP. This was attributed to excess MAPP clustering at interphases, resulting in ineffective wetting and consequently higher internal friction within the composite microstructure.

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Section: Complex Viscosity Of Wpcsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Creep Behaviour Of Melt Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAPP optimization through elucidation of wood plastic composite microstructural behaviour in melt and solid state

Mabuto,

Skosana,

Hlangothi

2024

Preprint

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“…Researchers explored the use of polymeric matrices to create composites with CNS. Gomes et al (2018) combined CNSP with a recycled high-density polyethylene (rrHDPE) matrix to develop Wood Plastic Composites. Different CNS concentrations were investigated, and the composite properties were evaluated.…”

Section: Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Cruz,

Maranon,

Hernandez

et al. 2024

BioRes

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The production of cashew nuts has been increasing globally, leading to a greater volume of waste materials that require proper management. Nevertheless, cashew nutshells (CNS), currently considered waste by most processors, offer a noteworthy opportunity for alternative applications owing to their distinct physical, chemical, and thermal properties. This article reviews alternative applications for CNS that can leverage these properties, while evaluating research gaps. The potential uses are classified into three categories: material development, energy production, and substance absorption. In the materials segment, various examples are discussed where CNS serves as raw material to synthesize biopolymers, cementitious materials, and a broad range of composites. The energy production section discusses various processes that utilize CNS, including pyrolysis, gasification, and briquette production. The absorption section presents CNS and activated carbon derived from CNS as effective absorbents for liquid-phase and gas-phase applications. While this review highlights numerous research-level possibilities for CNS utilization, only a few of these options have been implemented within the industry. Consequently, further research is essential, particularly in CNS characterization, economic and environmental assessment, and real-life implementation, to broaden and enhance the integration of this biomass into applications that can contribute to the value of both its production and processing chain.

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“…The results indicated that MFI played an important role not only in the mechanical properties of the matrix itself but also in the wettability between the particles and the matrix. Gomes et al [ 13 , 14 ] also reported that the higher the MFI, the poorer the tensile and impact strengths of the matrix, but the better the mixture and process conditions. Fu [ 9 ] reported that a lower-MFI matrix usually led to a strong interaction between the fibers and the matrix, resulting in a lower mean fiber length; therefore, the fiber-reinforcing efficiency of the composite decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Polymer Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites

et al. 2023

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To investigate the influence of polymer matrices on the tensile and impact properties of long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composites, composites of long basalt fiber-reinforced thermoplastic were developed in this work. Two types of polyethylene, namely 8008 and 100S, and two types of polyethylene, namely C4220 and K8303, were chosen as the matrices. The fiber volume fractions were set as 2.8%, 5.9%, 8.1%, and 10.6%. The melt flow index (MFI), crystallinity, tensile properties, impact strength, and fracture morphology of the neat polymers and the corresponding composites were tested. The composites of 8008 showed the highest tensile strength since neat 8008 showed a much higher MFI value and crystallinity. The composites of 8008 and K8303 showed a much higher tensile modulus since the neat thermoplastic showed a higher tensile modulus than the other two composites. The polymer toughness was the factor that determined whether the polymer could be toughened by fibers. Moreover, the interfacial shear strength was calculated and compared with the matrix shear strength, based on which fracture modes of the LFT were predicted. Effective methods were proposed for further improvement of the mechanical properties. The results of this paper were essential for attaining the anticipated properties when designing LFT composites.

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Characterization of wood plastic composite based on HDPE and cashew nutshells processed in a thermokinetic mixer

Cited by 11 publications

References 76 publications

MAPP optimization through elucidation of wood plastic composite microstructural behaviour in melt and solid state

MAPP optimization through elucidation of wood plastic composite microstructural behaviour in melt and solid state

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Influence of Polymer Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites

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