Characterization of Urea Encapsulated by Biodegradable Starch-PVA-Glycerol

Lum, Yip Hing; Shaaban, Azizah; Mitan, Nona Merry M.; Dimin, Mohd Fairuz; Mohamad, Noraiham; Hamid, Nadiah; Se, Sian Meng

doi:10.1007/s10924-012-0552-0

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The composites were prepared according to a procedure mentioned in previous literature (Yip et al 2013), with some minor modifications. A predetermined amount of PVOH powder was first dissolved in cold water to produce a PVOH solution with 10% solids content.…”

Section: Preparation Of Pvoh/kf Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In its field application, it has not been fully absorbed by the plants, but a greater part is lost to the environment (40 to 70%), particularly due to rapid leaching and surface runoff into the soil, resulting in low crop production and environment pollution (Chen et al 2008;Ni et al 2013;Thanh et al 2015). For this reason, controlled-release fertilizers made from a variety of matrix materials have been developed, such as starch, polyacrylic acid, chitosan, polylactic acid, ethyl cellulose, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (Chen et al 2008;Wu and Liu 2008;Ni et al 2009;Calabria et al 2012;Yip et al 2013;Zhong et al 2013).Nevertheless, the implementation of controlled-release fertilizers is limited by their relatively high cost, in spite of their potential benefits (Trenkel 1997). Tao et al (2011) have reported a triple polymeric layers for slow-release of urea, with water-retaining characteristics by using a combination of polyethylene, poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and poly(butyl methacrylate).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Wheat gluten is regarded as a suitable material for such applications because it is renewable, biodegradable, inexpensive, and widely available (Castro-Enríquez et al 2012). In another case, Yip et al (2013) also encapsulated urea in starch-based composites to reduce the cost. Although the price of starch based coating is low, its nutrient release lifespan is lower than the polymer coating formulations.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biodegradable Mulches Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol), Kenaf Fiber, and Urea

Tan¹,

Ching²,

Gan³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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This paper describes the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/kenaf fiber (PVOH/KF) composites with entrapped urea. The major FTIR peaks of these composites could be identified. These composites are intended for agricultural applications as biodegradable mulches and could be potential carrier materials for fertilizer. The water solubility, release behavior, chemical properties, and thermal stability of the composites were evaluated. The composites lost 25% of their weight after 7 days in water. In a wet environment, urea was released from the composites through its dissolution in water, and around 57% of the urea was released from the composites in 24 h; Thermagravimetric analysis showed that these composites were stable up 150 C. These composites would be able to withstand rain and protect seedlings from the sun when applied in the field as mulches. For around three to four weeks, these biobased mulches could slowly disintegrate as the PVOH binder was gradually dissolved by moisture, releasing the kenaf fibers to serve as soil fertilizer without leaving any undegradable waste for disposal. Hence, they would not pose any risks to the land or biological systems. Keywords INTRODUCTIONThere have been increasing concerns in recent years regarding environmental pollution consisting of non-biodegradable polyethylene mulch films. Previous literature has reported the uses of polyethylene films as mulches in reducing soil erosion and maintaining soil moisture for better crop growth (Adegbidi et al. 2003). Petroleum-based films are widely used due to their properties such as low density, good mechanical properties, excellent water resistance, and low cost (Nurfatimah et al. 2015). However, this synthetic plastic has generated a number of disposal difficulties because it requires huge labor forces for manual disposal. Land application is not a suitable disposal method for non-degradable plastic mulch due to its interference in the root development of subsequent crops (Kasirajan and Ngouajio 2012). An alternative disposal method for agricultural plastic wastes is through biodegradation processes.Many studies have demonstrated the use of biodegradable materials as alternatives to conventional polyethylene mulch films (Moreno and Moreno 2008). Some of the biodegradable materials used were composites developed from a combination of cellulose and starch (Moreno and Moreno 2008). These biodegradable films have not gained widespread use, possibly due to their high production cost and the unpredictable nature of their biodegradation behavior (Kasirajan and Ngouajio 2012). PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLEbioresources.com Tan et al. (2015). "PVOH/kenaf/urea mulches," BioResources 10(3), 5532-5543. 5533Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) is a non-toxic material that presents no adverse effects to biological systems, and has become highly attractive for various applications (DeMerlis and Schoneker 2003;. In the agriculture sector, PVOH could be a promising material for biodegradable mulches due to its water solubility (Guohua et al. 2006). This material ...

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Section: Preparation Of Pvoh/kf Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradable Mulches Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol), Kenaf Fiber, and Urea

Tan¹,

Ching²,

Gan³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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“…Despite the above-mentioned modifications and applications, the biodegradable films produced from starch are still limited due to poor mechanical and hydrophilic properties along with susceptibility to the biological attacks. Accordingly, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) known as synthetic biodegradable polymer and thermoplastic starch was utilized together to obtain excellent compatibility [16]. In several studies, starch was used with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Novel Additives Used in PVA/Starch Biohybrid Films

Karaoğul¹,

Altuntaş²,

Salan³

et al. 2019

Fillers - Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application

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The main aim of this chapter is to indicate the importance of additives and modifications used for PVA/starch biohybrid films. The additives and modifications used to improve the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of films are plasticizers, cross-linkers, fillers, physical and chemical treatment, and natural materials as well as thermoplastic starch. Plasticizers are preferred for higher molecular dynamism because of flexibility of functional groups in PVA and starch. Their flexibility is considerably affected by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of plasticizers. The use of cofunctional groups increases the plasticity, flexibility, and physicochemical and mechanical properties of films. Moreover, cross-linking modifications are also effective to enhance the properties of biofilms. These modifications improve the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water resistance, thermal resistance, swelling behavior, and antibacterial activity of films. Fillers are also used to enhance the properties of PVA/starch films. In this way, the properties such as gas barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency and thermal stability of the filler-added films are improved. The chemical and physical modifications provide stronger hydrogen bonds in films due to increasing carboxyl groups. Thus, the physical, biological, and chemical properties of films are improved because of the changing molecular structure via esterification, etherification, hydrogen bonding, and oxidation.

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“…Gravimetric assessment of weight loss conducted in a soil burial test is not an accurate method for comprehensive understanding of micro level changes, which occur in biodegraded materials. Thus, spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry [14] and thermogravimetry are a few material characterization techniques which are applied generally for assessing material's qualitative biodegradation in soil. This matter needs attention in that the rate of biodegradation cannot be assessed precisely through such characterization methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin macromolecule's implication in slowing the biodegradability of urea‐crosslinked starch films applied as slow‐release fertilizer

et al. 2017

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High biodegradability of starch is a major limitation for its commercial usage in developing urea‐crosslinked starch (UcS) film as slow‐release fertilizer. For solving this problem, UcS films were reinforced with 5–20% kraft lignin. Implication of lignin as a macromolecule was tested for slowing the biodegradability of UcS films. These films were biodegraded and characterized in an aerobic soil burial test up to the 60th day. The results were drawn for biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films through comparison made with biodegraded control film, which received 0% lignin. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peaks at 1625 and 1665 cm−1 corresponded to UcS and were found to be more conspicuous in biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films. Thermogravimetric analysis of biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films showed higher thermal stability. This was inferred from the decrease of ∼85.45°C in the thermal decomposition temperature at 5% weight loss (onset temperature), the increase of ∼31.69°C in the thermal decomposition temperature at maximum weight loss, and the increase of ∼12.90% in char. The molecular weight distribution of the biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films reduced not more than ∼1% and the polydispersity index was conserved to 1.4. Light microscopy of the biodegraded lignin—reinforced films reduced not more than ∼1% and polydispersity index was conserved to 1.4. Light microscopy of biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films showed the shape of starch particles was oblong, less disrupted, and wrinkled. Field‐emission electron microscopy showed lignin addition favored more the fungal growth beside formation of cavities. Atomic force microscopy showed the average surface roughness increased 2.00–7.32 times more as a result of residual lignin's accumulation in biodegraded lignin‐reinforced films. Based on the understanding of biodegradability in UcS films, a theoretical framework has also been proposed for biodegradability‐driven urea‐nitrogen release in soil.

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Characterization of Urea Encapsulated by Biodegradable Starch-PVA-Glycerol

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Biodegradable Mulches Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol), Kenaf Fiber, and Urea

Biodegradable Mulches Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol), Kenaf Fiber, and Urea

The Effects of Novel Additives Used in PVA/Starch Biohybrid Films

Lignin macromolecule's implication in slowing the biodegradability of urea‐crosslinked starch films applied as slow‐release fertilizer

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