Characterization of U-matic videotape deterioration by size exclusion chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the role of adipic acid

Thiébaut, Benoît; Vilmont, Léon-Bavi; Lavédrine, Bertrand

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2008.04.010

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…1,2 Figure 1 shows a schematic of a typical cross-section of an audiotape. 1,8,9 Because there are many formulations for audio tapes 2,9-11 and manufacturers can change components during production to achieve specific chemical and mechanical properties, the polyester soft segment may be composed of one of the following polymers: poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), or polycarbonate. The hard segments generally contain the polyurethane, 1,2,4,8 which are ordered but not necessarily crystalline and act as crosslinks.…”

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The binder layer is phase separated into ''hard'' and ''soft'' segments (see Figure 2). 1,9 The polyurethane hard segment may be composed of one of the following monomers: m-xylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, 3,3 0 -tolidene-4,4 0 -diisocyante (TODI), or 4,4 0 -methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 9 The polyurethane hard segment also has a chain extender between isocyanate molecules such as butane-1,4-diol (BD) or hexane-1,6-diol (HD). 8 The soft segments contain the higher molecular weight polyester, which can vary in composition and are responsible for the elastomeric properties of the binder layer.…”

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hard segments generally contain the polyurethane, 1,2,4,8 which are ordered but not necessarily crystalline and act as crosslinks. 9 Figure 3 shows a typical PEU molecule with the hard segment (polyurethane and chain extender) and soft segment (polyester). 1,8,9 Because there are many formulations for audio tapes 2,9-11 and manufacturers can change components during production to achieve specific chemical and mechanical properties, the polyester soft segment may be composed of one of the following polymers: poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), or polycarbonate.…”

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 The soft segments contain the higher molecular weight polyester, which can vary in composition and are responsible for the elastomeric properties of the binder layer. 9 The soft segment in Figure 3 is PBA, and the hard segment shows MDI polymerized with BD chain extender. 1,9 The polyurethane hard segment may be composed of one of the following monomers: m-xylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, 3,3 0 -tolidene-4,4 0 -diisocyante (TODI), or 4,4 0 -methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 9 The polyurethane hard segment also has a chain extender between isocyanate molecules such as butane-1,4-diol (BD) or hexane-1,6-diol (HD).…”

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of audio magnetic tapes with sticky shed syndrome by ATR‐FTIR

Hobaica

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Audio magnetic tapes that are difficult to play may be affected by a form of degradation called ''sticky shed syndrome'' (SSS). SSS exhibits physical symptoms during playing such as squealing, not packing tightly on the reel and possible tape material loss during playing. This research investigated attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to identify spectroscopic markers for SSS in audio magnetic tapes with poly(ester urethane) (PEU) binder layer. This article presents results for applying this technique to 50 audio magnetic tapes from the Library of Congress (LC) collections. This technique and analysis is intended to be used as a tool in identifying audio magnetic tapes with SSS from the mid 1970s through the 90s for improved preservation and to increase workflow in libraries and archives. This ATR-FTIR technique had a success rate of 71% for identifying SSS tapes and 86% for non-SSS tapes. The research also discusses spectral and chemical changes in the PEU binder layer between SSS tapes, non-SSS, and SSS tapes treated by baking including changes in hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl groups. The results support chemical/physical changes occurring in the soft segment of the PEU binder layer of SSS tapes. The absorption ratio of free to hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups was also correlated with SSS.

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Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audiotape Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of audio magnetic tapes with sticky shed syndrome by ATR‐FTIR

Hobaica

2012

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The compounds detected were the plasticizers bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate (BMEP), DEP, DMP, and triphenylphosphate (TPP), and the UV absorber resorcinol monobenzoate (Ormsby, 2005). An examination of U-matic videotapes from 1975 to 1997 performed by Thiébaut et al (2009) also demonstrates the usefulness of VOC analysis in distinguishing between different polymer formulations. The tapes consisted of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films with polyester/PUR-based coatings.…”

Section: Using Voc Analysis To Understand Polymer Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Curran

Strlič

2014

Studies in Conservation

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There is an acknowledged need for improved conservation of plastic and rubber objects within collections, including improved methods of condition assessment, material identification, and better understanding of material degradation. This reflects the inherent instability and wide-ranging formulations of many such objects and also the relative lack of knowledge in this field. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a useful method for understanding the chemical processes involved in polymer degradation and for the identification of materials. Conservators and curators have used odor analysis to identify historical plastics for many years, and techniques ranging from acid detection strips to laboratory-based techniques such as solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used to characterize plastic and rubber materials and to understand their degradation. VOC analysis also has potential as a technique for bulk material identification, as a complementary tool to spectroscopic analysis of the surface. A significant advantage of VOC analysis is its potential to be non-invasive, avoiding destructive sampling or even contact with an object. However, there is a greater potential for VOC analysis to be of benefit within conservation than is currently being exploited and significant scope for future research. In fields such as construction or waste management, there is also significant research into analysis of VOC emissions from plastic and rubber materials. The goal of this paper is to systematically review research from a range of fields including conservation, polymer degradation, and plastics recycling and it includes the use of VOC analysis to understand the causes of damage to plastic and rubber objects, to provide evidence of degradation and to monitor degradation progress, and to identify materials and distinguish between different formulations. Summaries of relevant studies are given, and volatile markers of object damage and polymer degradation and key volatile identifiers of a particular material are highlighted.

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Detection of magnetic audio tape degradation with neural networks and Lasso

Ratnasena

Rich

Abraham

et al. 2019

Journal of Chemometrics

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Audio magnetic tapes manufactured using polyester urethane are known to become nonplayable over time due to the degradation of the magnetic layer. Attempting to play degraded tapes to digitize them can cause extensive damage to the tape as well as to the play back device. For this reason, most of the magnetic tapes in cultural heritage institutions are in critical state. The purpose of our study is to preserve historical recordings in magnetic tapes by developing a nondestructive technique to determine degradation status. Our approach is to combine attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT‐IR) with chemometric techniques, especially neural networks and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso). The model built using neural networking was able to successfully classify playable and nonplayable with 97% to 98% accuracy when similar tape brands/models were in the training and the test set. With different brands/models in the test set, neural network model performed poorly. However, Lasso showed 95.5% accuracy for similar brand/models and 80.5% accuracy for different tape brands/models. This suggests that Lasso is the better technique to determine if a tape is degraded or not.

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Characterization of U-matic videotape deterioration by size exclusion chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the role of adipic acid

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Analysis of audio magnetic tapes with sticky shed syndrome by ATR‐FTIR

Analysis of audio magnetic tapes with sticky shed syndrome by ATR‐FTIR

Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Detection of magnetic audio tape degradation with neural networks and Lasso

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