Characterization of two thymosins as immune-related genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis

“…Previous studies reported that thymosin β4 was a potential antimicrobial peptide in humans and sea urchins (Schillaci et al, 2012;Tang et al, 2002). In agreement with this observation, the expression of β-thymosin mRNA in H. discus discus, H. diversicolor supertexta, E. sinensis and C. carpio was induced in response to bacterial or viral challenge (Gai et al, 2009;Kasthuri et al, 2013;Wu and Wu, 2009;Xiao et al, 2015). These results suggested that Accumulating evidence indicates that ROS serve as critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation, survival and immune response.…”

“…β-thymosins are abundant peptides and involved in various physiological functions, including cell migration, ROS production, wound healing, and immune-related processes (Hannappel and Huff, 2003;Kumar and Gupta, 2011;Xiao et al, 2015). Mammalian Tβ4 is the most common and most studied member of the β-thymosin family, which is found in almost all cells with relatively higher levels in circulating cells (Goldstein et al, 2005).…”

“…Tβ4 prevents H2O2-induced profibrotic changes by selectively targeting and upregulating catalase, Cu/Zn-SOD and Bcl2 in the myocardium (Kumar and Gupta, 2011). Tβ4 may ultimately enhance the immune response during viral infection and modulate the development of T lymphocytes in Cyprinus carpio L (Xiao et al, 2015). All these studies indicate that Tβ4 plays important roles in the physiological regulation of immunity.…”

Zebrafish as a model for Rhabdovirus infection and molecular mechanism of the immune response

“…Pathway Genes SVCV TLR/RLR signaling TLR2, TLR5 [38~40] , TLR3 [38~41] , TLR22 [42,43] , RIG-I, RIG-Ia, RIG-Ib [44,45] , TBK1, MAVS [46,47] , NLRC5 [48] , NOD2, RIPK2 [47,49,50] IFN signaling IFNΦ1, IFNΦ2, IFNΦ3, IFNΦ4 [41,46,51,52] , IFNγ1, IFNγ2 [41,53,54] , ISG [41,55] , MxA, MxB [41,51] MAPK signaling Mapk, map2k1, map3k, map3k7 [19,56] , mapk14 [56] Complement c2, cr2, cd59, hbl4, masp2, kng1 [57~59] Other IRF3, IRF4, IRF4a, IRF4b, IRF7 [51,60,61] , C-Rel [60] , TNFα, Rac1, STAT6 [41~43,54] , IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 [41,62,54] , AKT3a, nfkb2, TGF-β [19,56] , md1, rp105 [63] , ProTαβ, ProTβ-1 [64] , cd4, cd8 [65] , mhc2dab [48] , pk3r5, faslg, casp3b [19,56] , IgZ, IgD, IgM [19,66,67] , RAG1, BCR, TCR [65] VHSV TLR/RLR signaling TLR3, TLR8a1, TLR8b1, TLR22…”