Characterization of Torovirus from Human Fecal Specimens

Duckmanton, Lynn; Luan, Bo; Devenish, John; Tellier, Raymond; Petric, Martin

doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8879

Cited by 52 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Nevertheless, a small proportion of viral GE outbreaks, 115 (12.2%), remained unexplained. These outbreaks may have been caused by other viruses associated with GE, such as toroviruses (12,15,22,23,43), picobirnaviruses (15,43), and enteroviruses (5,15), for which the outbreak samples have not yet been tested or by other emerging pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological Role of Viruses in Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005

et al. 2007

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Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In developed countries, viruses, particularly noroviruses, are recognized as the leading cause. In The Netherlands, the surveillance of gastroenteritis outbreaks with suspected viral etiologies (as determined by Kaplan criteria) was established by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in 1994. This paper presents an overview of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks reported from 1994 through 2005. A minimum epidemiological data set consisting of the associated setting(s), the probable transmission mode, the date of the first illness and the date of sampling, the number of persons affected, and the number of hospitalizations was requested for each reported outbreak. Stool samples were tested for the presence of norovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and Aichi virus by electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 6,707 stool samples from 941 gastroenteritis outbreaks were investigated. Noroviruses were detected as the causative agent in 735 (78.1%) of the outbreaks, and rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses were found to be responsible for 46 (4.9%), 9 (1.0%), and 5 (0.5%) outbreaks, respectively. Among the gastroenteritis outbreaks in which a mode of transmission was identified, most outbreaks (38.1%) were associated with person-to-person transmission, and the majority (54.9%) of the outbreaks investigated were reported by residential institutions. Since 2002, the total number of outbreaks reported and the number of unexplained outbreaks have increased. Furthermore, the number of rotavirus-associated outbreaks has increased, especially in nursing homes. Despite thorough testing, 115 (12.2%) outbreaks suspected of having viral etiologies remain unexplained. Increases in numbers of reported outbreaks may indicate undefined changes in the criteria for reporting or the emergence of new pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological Role of Viruses in Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005

et al. 2007

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“…Toroviruses have also been reported in humans with gastroenteritis (Beards et al, 1984;Duckmanton et al, 1997;Jamieson et al, 1998) and pigs (Kroneman et al, 1998;Smits et al, 2003). Antibodies reacting against BoTV and EqTV antigens have been detected in various other mammals, suggesting toroviruses may be widespread (Brown et al, 1987;Weiss et al, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete sequence of the bovine torovirus genome

et al. 2006

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Viruses in the family Coronaviridae have elicited new interest, with the outbreaks caused by SARS-HCoV in 2003 and the recent discovery of a new human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63. The genus Torovirus, within the family Coronaviridae, is less well characterized, in part because toroviruses cannot yet be grown in cell culture (except for the Berne virus). In this study, we determined the sequence of the complete genome of Breda-1 (BoTV-1), a bovine torovirus. This is the first complete torovirus genome sequence to be reported. BoTV-1 RNA was amplified using long RT-PCR and the amplicons sequenced. The genome has a length of 28.475 kb and consisted mainly of the replicase gene ( approximately 20.2 kb) which contains two large overlapping ORFs, ORF1a and ORF1b, encoding polyproteins pp1a and pp1b, respectively. Sequence analysis identified conserved domains within the predicted sequences of pp1a and pp1b. Sequence alignments and protein secondary structure prediction data suggest the presence of a 3C-like serine protease domain with similarity to the arterivirus 3C-like serine protease and a single papain-like cysteine protease domain with similarity to the picornavirus leader protease. The ADRP (APPR-1'') domain - unique to the Coronaviridae - was also located in BoTV pp1a. In addition, several hydrophobic domains were identified that are typical of a nidovirus replicase. Within the pp1b sequence the polymerase and helicase domains were identified, as well as sequences predicted to be involved in ribosomal frameshifting, including the conserved slippery sequence UUUAAAC and two potential pseudoknot structures.

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“…Toroviruses within the family Coronaviridae are spherical, oval, elongated, or kidney-shaped enveloped viruses that possess a positive-sense single-stranded, polyadenylated RNA genome of approximately 25-30 kb in length (Cornelissen et al, 1997;Horzinek, 1999;Snijder and Horzinek, 1993). Toroviruses have been detected in normal horses as well as in humans, cattle, pigs, and recently in turkeys with diarrhea (Ali and Reynolds, 2000;Beards et al, 1986;Duckmanton et al, 1997Duckmanton et al, , 1998aKroneman et al, 1998;Woode, 1994). The first report of toroviruses described the identification of an unclassified virus www.elsevier.com/locate/vetmic Veterinary Microbiology 126 (2008) [364][365][366][367][368][369][370][371] from diarrheic calves (Woode et al, 1982), which is now known as the Breda virus, or bovine torovirus (BToV).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of bovine toroviruses circulating in South Korea

Park

et al. 2008

Veterinary Microbiology

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The prevalence of the bovine torovirus (BToV) and its genetic characterization have been reported in North America, Europe and Japan. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of the BToV in a total of 645 diarrheic fecal samples from 629 Korean native beef calf herds using RT-PCR and nested PCR with the primer pairs specific to a part of the BToV membrane (M) gene. Overall, 19 (2.9%) out of 645 diarrheic samples from 19 herds (6.9%) tested positive for BToVs by either RT-PCR or nested PCR. A comparison of the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences of a part of the BToV M gene (409bp) among the BToVs showed the Korean BToVs to have comparatively higher sequence homology to the Japanese and Dutch BToVs than to the American and Italian BToVs. Generally, the Korean BToV strains clustered with the Japanese and Dutch BToV strains. However, the American and Italian BToV strains clustered on a separate major branch, suggesting that these are more distantly related to other known BToV strains. These results suggest that the BToV infections are sporadic in diarrheic calves in South Korea, and the Korean BToV strains are more closely related to the Japanese and Dutch BToVs than to the American and Italian BToVs.

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Characterization of Torovirus from Human Fecal Specimens

Cited by 52 publications

References 25 publications

Etiological Role of Viruses in Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005

Etiological Role of Viruses in Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis in The Netherlands from 1994 through 2005

The complete sequence of the bovine torovirus genome

Molecular epidemiology of bovine toroviruses circulating in South Korea

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