Characterization of tick salivary gland factor(s) that enhance Thogoto virus transmission

Jones, Linda D.; Hodgson, E. C.; Nuttall, Patricia A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9091-3_25

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Arboviruses are vectored by mosquitoes, the most important of which are the Culex and Aedes species (Karabatsos 1985). The role of vectors, and in particular the significance of vector feeding in actively promoting transmission of pathogenic arboviruses, has been recognized but is still poorly characterized (Jones et al 1990, Osorio et al 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice

Zeidner

Higgs

Happ

et al. 1999

Parasite Immunology

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Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on C3H/HeJ mice and systemic cytokine production was quantified from stimulated lymphocytes harvested four to ten days after feeding. Mosquito feeding on C3H/HeJ mice significantly down regulated IFN gamma production seven to ten days post feeding by Cx. pipiens and seven days after Ae aegypti feeding. Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, were significantly up regulated 4-7 days after Cx. pipiens and Ae. aegypti feeding. The immunosuppressive effect of Cx. pipiens feeding on systemic cytokine production was not evident in congenic flavivirus resistant (C3H/RV) mice, as systemic IFN gamma and IL-2 were significantly up regulated at days 7 and 10, correlating with a significant decrease in IL-4 10 days after feeding by Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. Inoculation of 5-1000 ng of sialokinin-I into C3H/HeJ mice mimicked the effect of Ae. aegypti feeding by down regulating Th1 cytokines and significantly up regulating Th2 cytokines four days post inoculation. Injections of sialokinin-II resulted in only moderate effects on IFN gamma and IL-4 production seven and ten days after injection. Thus natural feeding by two arbovirus vectors had a profound T cell modulatory effect in vivo in virus susceptible animals which was not demonstrated in the flavivirus resistant host. Moreover, sialokinin-I and sialokinin-II mimicked the effect of mosquito feeding by modulating the host T cell response. These results may lend new insight into specific aspects of the role of the mosquito vector in potentiating virus transmission in the mammalian host.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice

Zeidner

Higgs

Happ

et al. 1999

Parasite Immunology

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“…The SAT factor(s) promoting Thogoto virus transmission by its principal vector, R. appendiculatus, appears to be proteinaceous as activity was lost following protease treatment [84]. It remains to be determined whether these features apply to SAT of other tick-borne viruses including TBE virus although it seems likely.…”

Section: Tick-borne Encephalitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission

Nuttall

2019

Wien Klin Wochenschr

Self Cite

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Tick saliva is a complex mixture of peptidic and non-peptidic molecules that aid engorgement. The composition of tick saliva changes as feeding progresses and the tick counters the dynamic host response. Ixodid ticks such as Ixodes ricinus, the most important tick species in Europe, transmit numerous pathogens that cause debilitating diseases, e.g. Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. Tick-borne pathogens are transmitted in tick saliva during blood feeding; however, saliva is not simply a medium enabling pathogen transfer. Instead, tickborne pathogens exploit saliva-induced modulation of host responses to promote their transmission and infection, so-called saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). Characterization of the saliva factors that facilitate SAT is an active area of current research. Besides providing new insights into how tick-borne pathogens survive in nature, the research is opening new avenues for vaccine development.

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“…Ten-fold more uninfected Rappendicufatus became infected when feeding on a guinea-pig injected with Thogoto virus and tick salivary gland extract than if the virus was injected alone (Jones et al, 1989). The salivary activated transmission (SAT) factor was absent in extracts of other tissues in R.appendiculatus or in mosquito salivary glands, but was present in the salivary gland extracts of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (Jones et al, 1989). SAT activity was destroyed by protease treatment of salivary glands (Jones et al, 1990) indicating a proteinaceous nature, and it has been determined that SAT-factor occurs in the saliva as well as salivary gland extracts (Jones et al, 1992).…”

Section: Significance Of Tlck Salivary Secretory Products To Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little is known about how the tick's physiology affects pathogen development inside the tick tissues, but it is becoming clear that secretory products have a tremendous impact upon the transmission and establishment of pathogens in the host. Ten-fold more uninfected Rappendicufatus became infected when feeding on a guinea-pig injected with Thogoto virus and tick salivary gland extract than if the virus was injected alone (Jones et al, 1989). The salivary activated transmission (SAT) factor was absent in extracts of other tissues in R.appendiculatus or in mosquito salivary glands, but was present in the salivary gland extracts of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (Jones et al, 1989).…”

Section: Significance Of Tlck Salivary Secretory Products To Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The salivary activated transmission (SAT) factor was absent in extracts of other tissues in R.appendiculatus or in mosquito salivary glands, but was present in the salivary gland extracts of Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (Jones et al, 1989). SAT activity was destroyed by protease treatment of salivary glands (Jones et al, 1990) indicating a proteinaceous nature, and it has been determined that SAT-factor occurs in the saliva as well as salivary gland extracts (Jones et al, 1992). It was postulated that the SAT-factor in tick saliva enhanced pathogen establishment by inhibiting the host's immune response (Jones et al, 1992) and recent evidence supports this supposition.…”

Section: Significance Of Tlck Salivary Secretory Products To Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick saliva: recent advances and implications for vector competence

Bowman

Coons

Needham

et al. 1997

Medical Vet Entomology

119

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Secretions of the tick salivary glands are essential to the successful completion of the prolonged feeding of these ectoparasites as well as the conduit by which most tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to the host. In ixodid ticks the salivary glands are the organs of osmoregulation, and excess water from the bloodmeal is returned via saliva into the host. Host blood must continue to flow into the feeding lesion as well as remain fluid in the tick mouthparts and gut. The host's haemostatic mechanisms are thwarted by various anti-platelet aggregatory, anticoagulatory and anti-vasoconstrictory factors in tick saliva. Saliva components suppress the immune and inflammatory response of the host permitting the ticks to remain on the host for an extended period of time and, adventitiously, enhancing the transmission and establishment of tick-borne pathogens. Over the years much work has been done on the numerous enzyme and pharmacological activities found in the tick saliva. The present article reviews the most recent work on salivary gland secretions with special emphasis on how they favour pathogen transmission.

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Characterization of tick salivary gland factor(s) that enhance Thogoto virus transmission

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice

Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice

Tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission

Tick saliva: recent advances and implications for vector competence

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