Characterization of three new strains of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Iraq

This study was conducted to identify the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 17 isolates of the dwarf honey bee collected from the north and west of some Iraqi areas, reaching higher elevations in the districts of Kifri, Kalar, and Darbandikhan in the plains of Iraq. these isolates were molecularly identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that all the characterized isolates in this study belong to the red dwarf honey bee species, Apis florea. The identified isolates showed a high level of similarity (100%) within each group, with isolates 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17 being identical to each other. It was also found that isolates 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 14 had a similarity of 100% to each other. The characterized isolates in this study showed a genetic distance from other characterized isolates such as those identified in India, Thailand, Japan, and China. The genetic information within the mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes provided in this paper have crucial data for understanding the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of A. florea. The study also provides important genetic information about A. florea in Iraq and contributes to the understanding of its genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Dwarf Honey Bees (Apis florea Fabricius) Distributed in the Eastern Region of Iraq

Alhissnawi,

Karrem,

AL-Abedy

2024

“…In another study, it was observed that the infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) caused a significant increase in the levels of sodium and potassium in the infected plants. This increase led to a state of stress in the plant as a defensive mechanism against the virus, resulting in an increase in osmotic pressure in plant cells, leading to enhanced water and dissolved mineral uptake from the soil [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Lead (Pb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on the Chemical Content of some Genotypes of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicom L.)

Al-Shammari,

Al-Abedy,

Farhood

2023

This study was conducted in the Plant Viruses laboratory and plastic houses at the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, during the growing season of 2022-2023. The aim of this study was to test the response of some tomato genotypes against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the mineral content (sodium, iron, and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), and chemical compounds (total phenols) in tomato fruits. The results of testing genotypes of tomato plants (Bayan, Heba Madina, Mercur, Oscar, Emmylou, Basmah, Plato, Zenga, and Joleene) showed that all genotypes were sensitive to infection, with varying sensitivey degrees. It was found that the genotypes Bayan and Heba were the most sensitive to infection with CMV at 88.88% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the genotypes Madina, Joleene, and Zenga were the least sensitive to infection, with infection rates of 31.11%, 44.44%, and 46.66%, respectively. The results also demonstrated that viral infection had a significant effect on reducing the levels of the iron and lead in the genotypes infected with CMV, and the genotypes Basmah and Heba were the most affected (with a significant difference) with levels of 0.018 ppm and 0.016 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 0.023 ppm and 0.024 mmol L-1, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that viral infection had a significant impact on reducing the level of the gibberellin hormone, with a decrease of 53.53 μg ml-1, and an increase in the levels of sodium, cytokinin hormone, and phenols in the genotypes infected with the CMV, with levels of 0.38 ppm, 87.56 μg ml-1, and 0.45 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 55.30 μg ml-1, 0.22 ppm, and 31.32 μg ml-1, and 0.42 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively.

“…As for the area cultivated with the tomato crop for the year 2020, it was about 128 thousand acres [4]. In recent years, the spread and appearance of many diseases which specified to the production of this crop have increased due to the expansion of crop cultivation and the introduction of new technologies in agriculture that provided appropriate conditions for the spread of diseases such as fungal, bacterial and virus diseases such as Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) [5][6][7][8]. TYLCV is one of the most common viruses in the world, including Iraq, inflicting severe economic losses of up to 100% in various commercial crops, including the tomato crop, which is considered the virus's primary host [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on the Content of some Mineral Elements in the Fruits of some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Genotypes

Karem,

Al-Abedy,

Kadhim

2023

This study was conducted to determine the reaction of 14 tomato (Solanum lycopersicom) genotypes to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and the effect of the virus on the fruit content of the genotypes Narcan, 123, and Summer 21. The field experiment was carried out in the western orchards of Samawah, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq. All experiments analyzing mineral elements in tomato fruits were done in laboratories of Ghayat Al-Marefa Company, Babylon. The results of inoculation of the tomato genotypes with TYLCV and testing them by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that all these genotypes were susceptible to the virus with the difference of those genotypes in the time of appearance and severity of disease symptoms. The genotypes Nahrayn and Summer 21 were the most severely infected with TYLCV (96 and 87%, respectively) compared with the other genotypes. It was also found that the virus had a clear effect on the decrease in the fruit genotypes contents of the samples tested (123, Narcan, and Summer 21) of mineral elements of iron and zinc that reached 26.80 and 28.88 mg/L, respectively, and substantially different from their given values, which were 32.94 and 34.73 mg/L, respectively, in unaffected plants. Moreover, results proved that the content of TYLCV-infected fruits decreased significantly (1.26 mmol. L-1) with a significant difference from its normal level in non-infected plants which was 1.8 mmol. L-1. Results also showed that TYLCV had a significant effect in reducing the concentrations of magnesium and phosphorous (0.244 and 0.248%), respectively, in the fruits of tomato genotypes compared with their concentrations in non-infected plants that were 0.348 and 0.383%, respectively.