Characterization of Thin-Film Lithium Batteries with Stable Thin-Film Li[sub 3]PO[sub 4] Solid Electrolytes Fabricated by ArF Excimer Laser Deposition

Kuwata, Naoaki; Iwagami, Naoya; Tanji, Y.; Matsuda, Yusuke; Kawamura, Junichi

doi:10.1149/1.3306339

Cited by 122 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For example, substituting a new layered-layered Li 2 MnO 3 * LiMO 2 cathode material for state-ofthe-art LiNi 0.8 Co 0. 15 Al 0.05 O 2 offers only 7% improvement in cathode energy density. 3 Furthermore, layered-layered materials with high Mn contents suffer from limit cycle life due to voltage and capacity fade.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These coatings typically range between one nanometer and one micrometer in thickness. [14][15][16][17] Similar to passivation layers, these coatings should be durable and electronically insulating to block transfer of electrons. Unlike passivation layers, these coatings can be deposited at elevated temperatures from a variety of precursors, allowing for greater control of coating characteristics.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemically Stable Coating Materials for Li, Na, and Mg Metal Anodes in Durable High Energy Batteries

Snydacker

Hegde

Wolverton

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Anodes made of Li, Na, or Mg metal present a rare opportunity to double the energy density of rechargeable batteries. However, these metals are highly reactive with many electrolytes and yield electronically conductive phases that allow continued electrochemical reduction of the electrolyte. This reactivity degrades cell performance over time and poses a safety risk. Surface coatings on metal anodes can limit reactivity with electrolytes and improve durability. In this paper, we screen the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD) to identify coatings that exhibit chemical equilibrium with the anode metals and are electronic insulators. We rank the coatings according to their electronic bandgap. We identify 92 coatings for Li anodes, 118 for Na anodes, and 97 for Mg anodes. Only two compounds that are commonly studied as Li solid electrolytes pass our screens: Li 3 N and Li 3 Furthermore, layered-layered materials with high Mn contents suffer from limit cycle life due to voltage and capacity fade.4,5 Substituting a new silicon-carbon composite anode for a conventional graphite anode offers only 20% improvement in cell energy density. 6 Metal anodes, which are comprised entirely or almost entirely of the mobile element in a battery, present a rare opportunity for major improvement in energy density. For example, in a lithium battery with a LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 cathode, energy density can be doubled by substituting a lithium metal anode in place of a conventional graphite anode. 7 This doubling in energy density is attainable because metal anodes can eliminate host materials, polymeric binders, electrolytefilled pores, and even copper current collectors from the anode.8 Metal anodes comprised of pure elements also offer the lowest possible anode redox potential and therefore the highest possible cell voltage. In batteries where Na or Mg is the mobile element, anode host materials that operate by intercalation or conversion reactions exhibit particularly poor capacity, kinetics, and reversibility, and so Na or Mg metal anodes that eliminate these host materials are particularly attractive. 9,10A major challenge for the implementation of metal anodes is reactivity between the metals and electrolytes. Metal anodes must be electropositive to provide a sufficient cell voltage, but this electropositivity causes the metals to drive electrochemical reduction of electrolytes. Both liquid and solid electrolytes are often reactive at the anode surface.11,12 For graphite anodes in conventional lithium-ion batteries, reactivity can be mitigated by a passivation layer that forms in situ from the reaction products. 11,13 This passivation layer must be mechanically durable, electronically insulating to block electron transfer from the anode to the electrolyte, and chemically stable or metastable. For metal anodes, there is sparse evidence for passivation by in situ reactivity. Reactivity at the surface of metal anodes causes impedence growth that destroys cell performance, according to Luntz * Electrochemical Society Member....

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Stable Coating Materials for Li, Na, and Mg Metal Anodes in Durable High Energy Batteries

Snydacker

Hegde

Wolverton

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Several strategies to improve the interface contact and to reduce the interface resistance have been proposed. For example, depositing a buffer layer by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique or atomic layer deposition (ALD) between solid electrolyte and electrodes, [19][20][21][22] preparing nanocomposites by a ball milling process 23,24 to reduce the particle size and increase the surface area and utilization of supercooled liquid of glass electrolyte. 25 Another common method to improve the contact area is simply applying high pressure throughout the fabrication process and electrochemical cycling.…”

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confidence: 99%

Simulation of the Effect of Contact Area Loss in All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

Tian

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

121

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Maintaining the physical contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrode is important to improve the performance of all-solidstate batteries. Imperfect contact can be formed during cell fabrication and will be worsened due to cycling, resulting in degradation of the battery performance. In this paper, the effect of imperfect contact area was incorporated into a 1-D Newman battery model by assuming the current and Li concentration will be localized at the contacted area. Constant current discharging processes at different rates and contact areas were simulated for a film-type Li|LiPON|LiCoO 2 all-solid-state Li-ion battery. The capacity drop was correlated with the contact area loss. It was found at lower cutoff voltage, the correlation is almost linear with a slope of 1; while at a higher cutoff voltage, the dropping rate is slower. To establish the relationship between the applied pressure and the contact area, Persson's contact mechanics theory was applied, as it uses self-affined surfaces to simplify the multi-length scale contacts in all-solid-state batteries. The contact area and pressure were computed for both film-type and bulk-type all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The model is then used to suggest how much pressures should be applied to recover the capacity drop due to contact area loss. Conventional Li-ion batteries usually include a liquid electrolyte, which facilitates Li-ions transport between cathode and anode. However, the applications of Li-ion batteries are still limited by the flammability and narrow electrochemical window of the liquid electrolytes. 1-3During the past decades, several solid electrolytes 4-9 with the ionic conductivity close to the liquid electrolyte have been developed, thus enabled the development of all-solid-state batteries. The benefits of all-solid-state batteries are high energy density, non-flammability, and the large electrochemical window (if the solid electrolyte form stable interphase layers on electrode surface). 10,11However, a major bottleneck for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries lies at the high interfacial resistance due to two main factors, chemical effect and physical contact. 3 The chemical effect refers to the chemical changes at the solid-electrolyte/electrode interface that cause slower transport. The chemical changes include the interphase layer formation due to solid electrolyte decomposition, 11 and/or Li-ion depletion zone at the interface 12 (for example, LiPON/Li 2 CO 3 ). Physical contact induced impedance comes from the imperfect contact at the solid-electrolyte/electrode interface, which plays a more important role for batteries using solid-electrolytes than the conventional batteries employing liquid electrolytes. Liquid electrolytes can easily diffuse through the porous electrode and wet the electrode surface, so, any fracture and disconnection between solid particles will only cause electrical disconnection. However, for solid electrolytes, the fracture and disconnection will impede Li-ion transport, as well as electron transport. Thus...

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“…Li 3 PO 4 has been widely used by many commercial all-solid-state battery manufacturers due to the relatively high Li-ion conductivity and (electro)chemical stability with respect to metallic Li anodes [40]. Some methods have been described to deposit thin films of Li 3 PO 4 , including pulsed laser deposition [41,42], atomic layer deposition (ALD) [43], E-beam evaporation [44] and sputter deposition [45,46] . Figure 1(a) shows the deposition thickness of Li 3 PO 4 thin films as a function of time at different temperatures by MOCVD, using tert-butyllithium (t-BuLi) as Li-precursor and trimethyl phosphate(TMPO) as P-precursor [47].…”

Section: Solid-state Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition enabling all-solid-state Li-ion microbatteries: A short review

2017

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For powering small-sized electronic devices, allsolid-state Li-ion batteries are the most promising candidates due to its safety and allowing miniaturization. Thin film deposition methods can be used for building new all-solid-state architectures. Well-known deposition methods are sputter deposition, pulsed laser deposition, sol-gel deposition, atomic layer deposition, etc. This review summarizes thin film storage materials deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The deposition parameters strongly influence the quality of the films, such as surface morphology, composition, electrochemical stability and cycling performance. Some materials have been successfully deposited by MOCVD into 3D-structured substrates, revealing conformal, homogeneous and high performance battery properties.

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Characterization of Thin-Film Lithium Batteries with Stable Thin-Film Li[sub 3]PO[sub 4] Solid Electrolytes Fabricated by ArF Excimer Laser Deposition

Cited by 122 publications

References 32 publications

Electrochemically Stable Coating Materials for Li, Na, and Mg Metal Anodes in Durable High Energy Batteries

Electrochemically Stable Coating Materials for Li, Na, and Mg Metal Anodes in Durable High Energy Batteries

Simulation of the Effect of Contact Area Loss in All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition enabling all-solid-state Li-ion microbatteries: A short review

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