Characterization of the proteases in the parasitic stage of Cryptocaryon irritans, and in vitro and in vivo effects of protease inhibitors on cryptocaryoniasis

Watanabe, Yuho; How, Kah Hui; Zenke, Kosuke; Itoh, Naoki; Yoshinaga, Tomoyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734311

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…43,48 Luo et al 49 during infection, the number of tomonts collected from the infected fish was significantly decreased, suggesting that proteases play a crucial role in C. irritans infection and development. 41,50 Although the lifespan of theronts is more than 24 h, the infectivity of theronts gradually decreases by 4 h after excystment. 14,45,51 Shen et al 36 indicated that the loss of theront infectivity is associated with reduced swimming ability and body cilia number, and they speculated that energy attenuation is the main reason for the loss of infectivity.…”

Section: Life C Yclementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptocaryon irritans (Brown, 1951) is a serious threat to aquaculture of marine fish

Jiang

et al. 2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Cryptocaryon irritans (Brown, 1951) is a ciliated protozoan that was first described by Sikama, 1 who reported that it infected more than 45 fish species reared in marine aquaria. It was later renamed Ichthyophthirius marinus based on its cellular morphology, which is very similar to that of I. multifiliis, a parasitic ciliate of freshwater fish. 2 However, in 1951, Brown 3 re-described this parasite, which was found in imported fish, and named it C. irritans. This name is still in use today.

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Section: Life C Yclementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptocaryon irritans (Brown, 1951) is a serious threat to aquaculture of marine fish

Jiang

et al. 2021

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…The expression of mucin‐5B was significantly increased after infection, protecting against parasites penetrating the epithelium. Although the virulence factors involved in C. irritans infection have not yet been clarified and characterized, serine and cysteine proteinases are believed to be related to trophont infection and growth (Watanabe et al., 2019). The protease secreted by parasites degrades mucosal matrix components and allows parasites to bind submucosal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

Xie

Jiang

Miao

et al. 2021

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Cryptocaryonosis is the greatest threat to most teleost species among all parasitic diseases, causing mass loss to the marine aquaculture industry. Epidemiological investigation of teleost susceptibility to Cryptocaryon irritans infection revealed that yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) is highly resistant. In order to further understand the activation of the immune system in the gill, which is one of the main mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissues and a target of parasites, transcriptome analysis of the yellow drum gill was performed. Gill samples were collected from fish challenged after 24 hr and 72 hr with theronts at a median death rate (2050 theronts per gram fish). Gene expression profiles showed that TLR5 was the only receptor that activated the downstream immune response. The infection activated complement cascade through alternative pathway and increased the expression of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1. In addition, possible antimicrobial molecules, including lipoprotein and haptoglobin, which are responsible for trypanolysis in humans, were among the top significantly upregulated genes at 24 hr. After 72 hr, the expression of secreted immunoglobulin T‐related genes was induced. These results suggested a rapid innate and adaptive immune response at the mucosal level. In conclusion, the results provide new perspectives on mucosal immune resistance in yellow drum against cryptocaryonosis and provide the possibility of mining resistance genes for future therapy.

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“…Due to the low recovery percentage of trophonts (5% and 11% in two trials), and asynchronous development and excystation of theronts, the propagation cycle could not be repeated. However, the double‐layered medium has been used for in vitro assays to test various chemicals for the control of C. irritans 49,50 and to determine the effects of protease inhibitors on the development of C. irritans 50 …”

Section: Cultivation Of Fish Ciliatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivation of fish ciliate parasites: Progress and prospects

Gomes

Zhao

et al. 2022

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Ciliates are considered the most harmful parasites of fish, causing mass mortalities and thus substantial economic losses to the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries. To better elucidate their pathogenic mechanisms and facilitate the development of effective prevention and control strategies, it is essential to apply novel technologies to ensure the continuous and sufficient supply of parasite specimens. This review discusses the latest research progress in the artificial culture of six important parasitic ciliates affecting both freshwater and marine fish globally: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon irritans, Chilodonella (C. hexasticha, C. piscicolaand C. uncinata), Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni, Scuticociliatida gen. spp., and Tetrahymena spp. Methods for in vitro and in vivo culture as well as cryopreservation/preservation (depending on the specific species) of these organisms are described herein. Challenges and future applications of parasite culture are also discussed.

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Characterization of the proteases in the parasitic stage of Cryptocaryon irritans, and in vitro and in vivo effects of protease inhibitors on cryptocaryoniasis

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Cryptocaryon irritans (Brown, 1951) is a serious threat to aquaculture of marine fish

Cryptocaryon irritans (Brown, 1951) is a serious threat to aquaculture of marine fish

The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection

Cultivation of fish ciliate parasites: Progress and prospects

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