Characterization of the plume of a direct current plasma arc for emission spectrometric analysis

Rippetoe, W. E.; Johnson, Elliot R.; Vickers, Thomas J.

doi:10.1021/ac60353a018

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In 1970 Valente and Schrenk [30] designed and characterized a novel two-electrode "dc-arc plasmajet," and Marinkovic and Vickers [31] designed a dc plasma with a similar operating configuration. This design was characterized for emission spectrometric analysis by Rippetoe et al [32].…”

Section: Direct-current Plasma (Dcp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of weakly ionized plasmas for materials sampling and analysis

Blades

Banks

Gill

et al. 1991

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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Section: Direct-current Plasma (Dcp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of weakly ionized plasmas for materials sampling and analysis

Blades

Banks

Gill

et al. 1991

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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“…(*i 2 , x 22 ,}'i), and (x t3 , *2 3> y$), it is possible to solve the set of simultaneous linear equations:…”

Section: /I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors varied included pulse height (peak current), DC level (background current between pulses), pulse width, average current, and duty factor. Rippetoe et al 22 used simplex optimization to tune a spectrophotometer before undertaking a Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 01:46 08 February 2015 study of a DC plasma arc. Variables used were arc current, slit width, slit height, and the arc optical path; the response used was the signal-to-noise ratio of the emission intensity for calcium.…”

Section: And Deming and Morgan 7 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Simplex Optimization in Analytical Chemistry

Deming¹,

Parker²,

Denton³

1978

C R C Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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“…Converting arc source to the direct current plasma (DCP) [ 53 ] required controlled gas flows around the energized electrode as they were originally used as vapor detectors [ 54 ]. If the plasma is energetic enough, nebulized sampled could be introduced into this gas flow and then excited by the discharge.…”

Section: Sample Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Buckley

Doherty

2021

Molecules

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Many of the current innovations in instrument design have been focused on making them smaller, more rugged, and eventually field transportable. The ultimate application is obvious, carrying the instrument to the field for real time sample analysis without the need for a support laboratory. Real time data are priceless when screening either biological or environmental samples, as mitigation strategies can be initiated immediately upon the discovery that contaminant metals are present in a location they were not intended to be. Additionally, smaller “handheld” instruments generally require less sample for analysis, possibly increasing sensitivity, another advantage to instrument miniaturization. While many other instruments can be made smaller just by using available micro-technologies (e.g., eNose), shrinking an ICP-MS or AES to something someone might carry in a backpack or pocket is now closer to reality than in the past, and can be traced to its origins based on a component-by-component evaluation. While the optical and mass spectrometers continue to shrink in size, the ion/excitation source remains a challenge as a tradeoff exists between excitation capabilities and the power requirements for the plasma’s generation. Other supporting elements have only recently become small enough for transport. A systematic review of both where the plasma spectrometer started and the evolution of technologies currently available may provide the roadmap necessary to miniaturize the spectrometer. We identify criteria on a component-by-component basis that need to be addressed in designing a miniaturized device and recognize components (e.g., source) that probably require further optimization. For example, the excitation/ionization source must be energetic enough to take a metal from a solid state to its ionic state. Previously, a plasma required a radio frequency generator or high-power DC source, but excitation can now be accomplished with non-thermal (cold) plasma sources. Sample introduction, for solids, liquids, and gasses, presents challenges for all sources in a field instrument. Next, the interface between source and a mass detector usually requires pressure reduction techniques to get an ion from plasma to the spectrometer. Currently, plasma mass spectrometers are field ready but not necessarily handheld. Optical emission spectrometers are already capable of getting photons to the detector but could eventually be connected to your phone. Inert plasma gas generation is close to field ready if nitrogen generators can be miniaturized. Many of these components are already commercially available or at least have been reported in the literature. Comparisons to other “handheld” elemental analysis devices that employ XRF, LIBS, and electrochemical methods (and their limitations) demonstrate that a “cold” plasma-based spectrometer can be more than competitive. Migrating the cold plasma from an emission only source to a mass spectrometer source, would allow both analyte identification and potentially source apportionment through isotopic fingerprinting, and may be the last major hurdle to overcome. Finally, we offer a possible design to aid in making the cold plasma source more applicable to a field deployment.

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Characterization of the plume of a direct current plasma arc for emission spectrometric analysis

Cited by 43 publications

References 8 publications

Application of weakly ionized plasmas for materials sampling and analysis

Application of weakly ionized plasmas for materials sampling and analysis

A Review of Simplex Optimization in Analytical Chemistry

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

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