Characterization of the OSSN Microbiome in HIV-1 Infected Patients

Falco

et al. 2015

Infect Agents Cancer

BackgroundSub-Sahara Africa hosts up to 71 % of all HIV infected people in the world. With this high incidence of Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) comes the burden of co-morbidities such as malignant and premalignant lesions. Aids defining malignancies have been listed as Kaposi’s sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. People with HIV/AIDS(PLWAS) have a higher risk of developing these neoplasms than the rest of the population. The pathogenesis of these neoplasms in people with HIV has been linked to immune suppression, persistent antigenic stimulation and cytokine dysregulation.Current study analyzes and presents the patterns and trends in the presentation of HIV related malignancies in patients diagnosed through histopathology at Kenyatta National Hospital.AimTo describe the patterns of AIDS- defining and non-AIDS- defining malignancies and premalignant lesions 10 years pre- and post HAART period at Kenyatta National hospital, Kenya.Methods and techniquesThis was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study. The Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks and histological reports of patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 were traced from archives. The patients’ demographic data and clinical presentation was entered in an excel spreadsheet and the diagnosis and coding confirmed by a histopathologist. The data was then cleaned and analyzed using SSPS version 17.0 Ink.ResultsA total of 173 lesions were reviewed and analyzed. Of these 118 (68 %) were from females and 55 from males (32 %). The male to female ratio was 1:2. The age range was from two to 56 years with a median of 36 years. Kaposi sarcoma is the leading AIDS defining malignancy in Kenya while invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is the leading non-AIDS defining malignancy. This is closely followed by invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and NHL.ConclusionKaposi sarcoma is the leading AIDS associated neoplasm in Kenya. Physicians and caretakers managing and following up on HIV/AIDS patients should look out for Kaposi sarcoma as a form of IRIS following the institution of HAART in all HIV/AIDS patients. The incidence of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is increasing in PLWAS in Kenya. There is therefore a need to introduce early screening programs for squamous intraepithelial neoplasm of the conjunctiva in HIV/AIDS patients.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the pattern of AIDS defining, HIV associated neoplasms and premalignant lesions diagnosed from 2000–2011 at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Rogena

Falco

et al. 2015

Infect Agents Cancer

“…In future a longitudinal study that addresses the impact of HAART on anal cancer in relation to associated oncogenic viruses need to be initiated. Equally significant would be to investigate the effect of HIV on selection of other infections such as bacteria microbiome that may affect pathogenesis as was shown in our previous findings (Simbiri & Robertson, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Anal Cancer Patients in a Metropolitan Hospital Present Infection with Multiple Oncogenic Viruses

Jha²,

Henry³

et al. 2015

CCO

Background: Oncoviruses such as HPV, KSHV, and EBV have been reported in patients with HIV/AIDS. Exactly how oncovirus-associated cancers rise in AIDS patients is not fully established. We highlight results from anal cancer samples that were screened for certain known oncoviruses in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: Tissues were obtained from 14 anal cancer patients. DNA was extracted from the tissues and used in PCR assays to identify the oncoviruses. Immunohistochemical assays were performed on slides using specific antibodies. Results: Using PCR we detected HPV-16 (P<0.0001), HPV-45 (P<0.0001), HPV-31 (P<0.0001), HPV-33 (P<0.0001), and EBV (P<0.0001) which were statistically significantly different, and KSHV (P=0.090). Utilizing immunohistochemistry, the samples were statistically significantly different in HPV-16 E6 (P<0.0001), HPV-16 E7 (P<0.0001), EBV (P<0.0001), and KSHV (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The findings indicate that oncogenic human papilloma and herpesviruses are present in anal cancer tissues. Their causal role to the cancer may have implications for long-term pathogenesis.

“…To support the PCR findings for the presence of the oncogenic viruses, HPV, EBV, and KSHV while concomitantly monitoring changes associated with oncogenesis through expression of known surrogate markers in tissues we performed immunohistochemistry on 5 μm thick paraffin- embedded sections to detect virus specific antigens, cell cycle proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [ 9 ]. We used commercial antibodies to HPV 16-E6 and E7 and HPV 18-E6 and E7 (DAKO Inc., Carpentaria, CA), monoclonal antibody S12 for detection of EBV-LMP1, monoclonal antibody derived from KSHV encoded LANA [ 22 ], Cyclin D antibody (Santa Cruz, TX), p53 antibody (Santa Cruz, TX), VEGF antibody (Abcam, MA), and p21 antibody (Abcam, MA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncogenic viruses associated with vulva cancer in HIV-1 patients in Botswana

Jha

Kayembe³

et al. 2014

Infect Agents Cancer

Self Cite

BackgroundOncoviruses such as HPV, KSHV, and EBV have been reported in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. How oncovirus-associated cancers rise in AIDS patients has not been fully established. The purpose of our study was to identify the viral agents in vulvar cancer and to assess their contribution to pathogenesis.MethodWe retrospectively identified a total of 13 vulva tissue samples from HIV-1 positive and 9 vulvar samples from HIV-1 negative patients from the Botswana National Health Laboratory in Gaborone, Botswana, a Southern African country with a high incidence of HIV. We utilized PCR and IHC to identify HPV, EBV, KSHV, and JC virus in FFPE preserved tissue samples.ResultsUsing the GP5+/GP6+ primer set we detected several HPV types in tissue samples. EBV was detected in all of the positive cases (100%) and in most of the negative cases (89%). KSHV was detected in 39% of the HIV-1 positive samples and in 11% of the negative samples, and no JC virus was detected in any of the samples.Using IHC we demonstrated that LANA was expressed in 61% of the positive samples and in 44% of the negative samples. The ubiquitous EBV was more consistently expressed in negative cases (100%) than in positive cases (69%). Interestingly, the HPV-16 E6 transcript was detected in 56% of the negative samples compared to 31% of the positive samples. However, the cell cycle protein P21 used as a surrogate marker for HPV was detected in 77% of the positive samples and in 44% of the negative samples, while VEGF signals were similar in both positive (92%) and negative samples (89%).ConclusionOur study, suggests that in Botswana, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is associated with oncogenic viruses present in the niche but the contribution and progression may be regulated by HPV and other immunosuppressive infections that include HIV-1.