Characterization of the microenvironment of diabetic foot ulcers and potential drug identification based on scRNA-seq

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetes foot ulcers (DFUs) are a type of foot infection, ulcer, and/or deep tissue destruction caused by neuropathy and vascular disease in the distal extremities of diabetic patients. Its pathogenesis and its microenvironment are not entirely understood.MethodsInitially, the GSE165816 data set from the GEO database was utilized for single cell analysis to reveal the microenvironment and functional status of DFUs. The GSE199939 RNA-seq data set was utilized for external validation. On the basis of the logistic regression machine learning algorithm (OCLR), pseudo time series analysis, dryness index analysis, and drug target gene analysis were then performed. By constructing drug-gene and gene-gene networks, we can locate the most recent DFUs treatments. Finally, immunofluorescence technology was used to detect the cell-related markers of the DFUs microenvironment, and qPCR was used to detect the expression of drug targets in DFUs.ResultsFirstly, we used the Cell Maker database to obtain information about human cells and related gene markers, and manually reviewed a total of 45 kinds of cells and maker information that may appear in the DFUs microenvironment, which were divided into 17 cell clusters after annotation. Subsequently, we counted the proportions of DM and DFUs in different types of cells, and the results showed that the proportions of macrophages, white blood cells, and monocytes were higher in patients with DFUs, while the proportions of pluripotent stem cells and stromal cells were higher in patients with DM. The Pseudo-time series analysis of cells in DFUs showed that the differentiation pathways of immune cells, mesenchymal cells and stem cells were similar in the three states, while the other cells were distributed in different stages. At the level of a single cell, the scores of both multipotential stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells were significantly lower in DFU healing and non-healing than in DM. Additionally, the highly expressed genes in DFU were chosen as drug targets. We identified seven potential target genes and discovered twenty drugs with high significance. Finally, the colocalization relationship between CD19, ITGAM, and HLA-DR expression in monocytes and macrophages of DFU skin tissue and healthy subjects was analyzed by laser confocal microscopy with the immunofluorescence triple labeling method. The results showed that the expressions of CD19, ITGAM, and HLA-DR in the skin of DFUs were significantly higher than those in the skin of healthy subjects, and the co-localization relationship was significant in DFUs.ConclusionThis study can serve as a resource for the treatment of DFUs.

Transcriptomics-driven drug repositioning for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer

“…However, other cell types, such as immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, play an important role in the wound-healing process. They could be potential druggable targets with further paired, cell-specific refined transcriptomic data 30 , 31 .…”

Single-cell sequencing technology in diabetic wound healing: New insights into the progenitors-based repair strategies

“…Through a cluster analysis of the data from the GEO database, Li et al [ 7 ] and Wang et al [ 8 ] found that the proportions of macrophages, leukocytes and monocytes were higher in patients with DFUs, which indicated a higher level of inflammation; also, the elevated proportions of pluripotent stem cells and stromal cells were observed in patients with DM, which indicated a higher level of dryness. These findings were in line with research by Theocharidis et al [ 9 ], who noted that DFU healers had a higher presence of naive and early differentiated progenitor T-lymphocytes, while non-healers had more cytotoxic natural killer T cells at the systemic level.…”

In Vivo Wound-Healing Efficacy of Insulin-Loaded Strontium-Cross-Linked Alginate-Based Hydrogels in Diabetic Rats

“…The biomaterials selected for developing wound dressing can simply shift the wound-healing cascade. 9 The development of bioactive wound dressings is useful for changing the local wound environment. The controlled delivery of bioactive molecules plays a significant role in the wound-healing process.…”

“…The development of wound-specific dressing materials is a safe and cost-effective approach for diabetic wound management. The biomaterials selected for developing wound dressing can simply shift the wound-healing cascade . The development of bioactive wound dressings is useful for changing the local wound environment.…”