Characterization of the Inkaterra rock shelter paintings exposed to tropical climate (Machupicchu, Peru)

Morillas, Héctor; Maguregui, Maite; Bastante, José M.; Huallparimachi, Gladys; Marcaida, Iker; García‐Florentino, Cristina; Astete, Fernando; Madariaga, Juan Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.003

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For all the samples, quartz (α‐SiO 2 ; bands at 262, 357, 401, 465, 692, 804, and 1,159 cm −1 ) and aluminosilicates such as adularia (KAlSi 3 O 8 ) with its bands at 283, 404, 456, 475, and 512 cm −1 were observed. Additionally, iron (III) oxide, such as hematite ([Fe 2 O 3 ], bands at 225, 291, 411, 496, and 612 cm −1 ) was also detected. Among the iron (oxy)hydroxide compounds, two different polymorphs were identified as lepidocrocite (γ‐FeO(OH), bands at 212, 245, 303, 344, 372, 522, and 647 cm −1 ) and limonite (FeO(OH)·nH 2 O, bands at 239, 298, 392, 478 and 548 cm −1 ) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating sulfates and nitrates as enemies of the recent constructions: Spectroscopic and thermodynamical study

Morillas

Upasen

Maguregui

et al. 2018

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Salt crystallization is one of the major problems currently faced by the field of architecture and construction. Its effects are devastating to the extent that they may even lead to loss of material. Although many innovative and resistant materials have been developed in the last years, in most of the constructions, salt crystallization is a persistent problem. Salts crystallizations are formed by the dissolution and subsequent precipitation of the soluble salts present in the material itself or due to the formation of new ones because of the reaction between original components of the building materials with salts coming from infiltration waters or with acid aerosols present in the atmosphere. Among others, some of the most common salts that can crystallize in the building materials are nitrates and sulfates. Both of them are soluble compounds, which can mobilize throughout the material easily, reprecipitate, and generate volume changes responsible for fissures, fractures, and even the loss of building material. In this work, a specific study of salts crystallizations in a recent construction erected in 2013 in Amorebieta (Basque Country, North of Spain) using a different kind of materials has been studied. The materials affected by salts are joint mortars, which in a first step were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman microscopy to determine the mineralogical composition. In a second step, a soluble salts tests by ion chromatography was applied to approach quantitatively the impact of the salts. Finally, in a third step, the reactions that give rise to the decay products (thenardite, nitrocalcite, and/or epsomite mainly) were proposed and confirmed through a thermodynamic modelling.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating sulfates and nitrates as enemies of the recent constructions: Spectroscopic and thermodynamical study

Morillas

Upasen

Maguregui

et al. 2018

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…2 Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH), 29 rue de Paris, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France. 3…”

Section: Authors' Contributionsunclassified

Characterisation of materials and techniques in first archaeological findings of Nasca wall paintings

Boucherie¹,

Nowik

Pingaud

2021

Herit Sci

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The pre-Colombian wall paintings in Peru were already known from north and central coast sites, but little information exists on the southern coast corresponding to the Nasca region. The recent excavations on Cahuachi site provided fragments of plaster with paint layers found near Great Pyramid, corresponding to phases III and IV of the construction of the site, and dating back to the Early Intermediate Period (from 200 BC to 350 AD). A series of fragments from three locations from these two respective periods were transferred directly from the excavation to the laboratory and analyzed. A panel of observation and analysis methods was applied in order to describe the stratigraphy and materials used for these paintings, with special attention to the paint layer. The stratigraphy was observed by optical and electron microscopies and X-ray fluorescence, Raman and infrared spectroscopies were employed for elemental and molecular characterization of the plaster and paintings. The obtained results show the large presence in painting layers of iron oxides and copper based pigments, as well as calcium sulfate, siliceous clay materials and graphite. Although most of these pigments could be provided by local deposits, the detection of graphite is probably linked to the use of charcoal. The variety of painting materials between phases III and IV are related to the palette of colours and pigments. The colours for phase III seem limited to the red and yellow ochre pigments, and unidentified black and gypsum white. During phase IV, additional pigments were identified such as: paratacamite, malachite and chrysocolla for greens, hematite for purple, charcoal and siliceous white, which replaced gypsum white. The paintings were sometimes applied in several layers and occasionally separated by a white coating layer. The painting materials and techniques identified on Cahuachi site, and especially the differences between the phases observed, constitute a new insight into the knowledge of wall painting tradition in Southern Peru.

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“…Among these methods, the most frequently applied analytical techniques are proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and proton-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE). Many researchers apply them to detect historic building samples as the first step, which provide the chemical composition of various materials such as pigments [288][289][290], glasses [291,292], mortars [293,294], etc. Because Fig.…”

Section: Ion Beam Analysis Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

et al. 2019

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Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.

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Characterization of the Inkaterra rock shelter paintings exposed to tropical climate (Machupicchu, Peru)

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Evaluating sulfates and nitrates as enemies of the recent constructions: Spectroscopic and thermodynamical study

Evaluating sulfates and nitrates as enemies of the recent constructions: Spectroscopic and thermodynamical study

Characterisation of materials and techniques in first archaeological findings of Nasca wall paintings

Recent progress in instrumental techniques for architectural heritage materials

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