Characterization of the Inflammatory Response in a Photothrombotic Stroke Model by MRI: Implications for Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract

These results raise caution regarding the non-invasive monitoring of SPIO-labeled transplanted stem cells by MRI in models that result in a strong inflammatory response.

Therapeutics with SPION-labeled stem cells for the main diseases related to brain aging: a systematic review

“…In 15 publications the transfection agent was used, of these studies, 12 used PLL and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) as their culture of which 16 studied some method of analysis, using the MTT assay and/or trypan blue, and also testing cells' differentiation into mesodermal lineages as osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic in five of the 32 studies. 12,14,62,64,73 After analysis of these parameters for each disease related to brain aging, a small variation between the sources was observed, cell types, and methods for SPION labeling.…”

“…72 A total of six studies did not specify medium. 14,15,63,65,68,73 Again analyzing the process of SPION stem cell labeling, most studies used a transfection agent for particle internalization. 12,14,62,[67][68][69]73,74 Among those, six studies 12,14,62,67,69,73 used PLL, one study 74 used FuGENE ® (Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI, USA) and one study 68 used protamine sulfate.…”

“…Among those, one study 75 used a dog, two studies 62,72 used rabbits, 27 studies used rodents, especially Sprague-Dawley rats, and only five studies [30][31][32]63,73 used mice. This profile suggests that the use of SPION labeled stem cells for cell therapy with regards to aging brain diseases is still in the initial phase, see Figure 3.…”

“…63,67 used mice, and the remaining studies used rats (200-310 g). [12][13][14][15]64,66,[68][69][70][71][73][74][75]77 Regarding the method, four studies 13,14,66,73 by the same group of Belgian researchers had used the photothrombosis method, by photosensitizing agents, Rose Bengal (10-20 mg/kg) focusing a beam of light (540 nm) for 20 minutes. The remaining studies 12,15,[62][63][64][67][68][69][70][71][72][74][75][76][77] used the occlusion method (temporary or permanent) of the cerebral vascular bed.…”

“…The procedure of grafting stem cells with SPION (SC/ SPION) was performed using both intracerebral application in specific regions, such as striatum 12,63,64,67,68,70,73,74 hippocampus 67 and corpus callosum, 74 or nonspecific regions, such as intraventricular/cortical, 13,15,62,66,75 as applied in the peripheral vascular bed 66,[69][70][71][72] (femoral artery) or cerebral vascular bed 15,69,71 (internal carotid artery). The average time between the ischemic event and therapy with SC/ SPION was roughly 3.43 days or 82 hours.…”