Characterization of the Inflammatory Cytokines in the Vagina During Pregnancy and Labor and With Bacterial Vaginosis

Imseis, Hytham M.; Greig, Phillip C.; Livengood, Charles H.; Shunior, Emily; Durda, Paul J.; Erikson, Mark

doi:10.1177/107155769700400208

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In a study by Mattsby-Baltzer et al 28 in women during their first trimester of pregnancy, bacterial vaginosis was associated with IL-1-b, but not with IL-6. Similarly, in another study, in women in labour, IL-1-b was associated with bacterial vaginosis, but IL-6 was not 29 . Also in the present study, IL-1-b was increased in women with bacterial vaginosis, but not to the extent it was in aerobic vaginitis.…”

Section: Vaginal Fluid Constituents No Infection Candida Vaginitis Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis

Donders

Vereecken²,

Bosmans³

et al. 2002

BJOG

424

339

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Objective To define an entity of abnormal vaginal flora: aerobic vaginitis.Design Observational study.Setting University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.Sample 631 women attending for routine prenatal care or attending vaginitis clinic.Methods Samples were taken for fresh wet mount microscopy of vaginal fluid, vaginal cultures and measurement of lactate, succinate and cytokine levels in vaginal fluid. Smears deficient in lactobacilli and positive for clue cells were considered to indicate a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Aerobic vaginitis was diagnosed if smears were deficient in lactobacilli, positive for cocci or coarse bacilli, positive for parabasal epithelial cells, and/or positive for vaginal leucocytes (plus their granular aspect). Results Genital complaints include red inflammation, yellow discharge, vaginal dyspareunia. Group B streptococci, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and trichomonas vaginalis are frequently cultured.Vaginal lactate concentration is severely depressed in women with aerobic vaginitis, as in bacterial vaginosis, but vaginal succinate is not produced. Also in contrast to bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis produces a host immune response that leads to high production of interleukin-6, interleukin-1-b and leukaemia inhibitory factor in the vaginal fluid. Conclusion Aerobic vaginitis is associated with aerobic micro-organisms, mainly group B streptococci and E. coli. Its characteristics are different from those of bacterial vaginosis and elicit an important host response. The most severe form of aerobic vaginitis equals desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. In theory, aerobic vaginitis may be a better candidate than bacterial vaginosis as the cause of pregnancy complications, such as ascending chorioamnionitis, preterm rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery.

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Section: Vaginal Fluid Constituents No Infection Candida Vaginitis Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis

Donders

Vereecken²,

Bosmans³

et al. 2002

BJOG

424

339

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“…14 The IL-1 and IL-1ra concentrations in the CVF have been investigated by others to determine their utility as predictors of preterm 15,16 and/or term labor. [16][17][18][19] Most of these previous studies quantified only IL-1b [16][17][18] ; while 2 other studies measured IL-1a and IL-1b 19 or IL-1b and IL-1ra. 15 This current study aims to provide a comprehensive screen of IL-1 and IL-1ra in serially collected CVF beyond 24 weeks' gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay of the Interleukin 1 System in Pregnancy and Labor

et al. 2013

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This work assessed the temporal coexpression of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and its inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), in the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) beyond 24 weeks gestation including women in spontaneous term labor. Two cohorts of women were recruited at 24 to 35 weeks' gestation (n ¼ 65) and in late pregnancy (>36 weeks' gestation; n ¼ 88). The CVF was serially collected either every 4 weeks between 24 and 35 weeks' gestation (n ¼ 123 samples) or weekly during late pregnancy (n ¼ 240 samples). The IL-1 and IL-1ra were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the effect of vaginal microflora and unprotected sexual intercourse were also investigated. The IL-1b and IL-1ra remain unaltered between 24 and 35 weeks' gestation. At late pregnancy, IL-1a and b concentrations peak at 4 to 14 days prior to labor onset, while IL-1ra decreases with approaching spontaneous term labor (P < .05, 2-way analysis of variance). The IL-1 and IL-1ra were significantly correlated (P < .001, Pearson r). A combined biomarker model of IL-1a, IL-1b, and IL-1ra can predict term labor with 86% sensitivity and 92% specificity. This study indicates a shifting inflammatory balance in the gestational tissues prior to labor onset.

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“…Additionally, IL-6 levels in maternal serum (7), amniotic fluid (8), vaginal fluid (9), and placenta (10) have been found to increase during the process of normal labor compared to the nonlabor state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the interleukin-6 gene and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss in japanese women

Saijo

Sata

Yamada

et al. 2004

Fertility and Sterility

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Y Saijo et al. 17994-revised CapsuleThere was a statistically significant difference in the IL-6-634C→G genotype frequency between Japanese patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and controls.Patients who carry the -634 G allele may have a decreased risk of RPL. Y Saijo et al. 17994-revised Structured AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationships between recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (-634 C→G and -174 G→C genotypes) in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene in the Japanese population.Design: A case-control study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a university hospital.Patient(s): 76 cases with RPL. Controls were 93 fertile women. Intervention(s):Frequency and distribution of the promoter region of the IL-6 gene allele. Main Outcome Measure(s): Determination of IL-6 promoter gene polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresisResults: There was a significant difference in the -634C→G genotype frequency (CC vs. CG/GG) between the women with RPL and the controls. The risk of RPL was lower in the carrier of the G allele than in women with the wild type（CC）, with OR = 0.46 (95% CI = 0.24-0.91). On the other hand, we did not detect any carrier of -174C in the 169 subjects. Conclusion(s):The results suggest that women carrying the -634 G allele of the IL-6 gene may have a decreased risk of RPL in the Japanese population. A shift to type-2 T-helper (Th2) cytokine production with abundant interleukine (IL)-6 and IL-10 is considered essential for the maintenance of normal pregnancy. There is evidence of a diminished Th2 immune response to placental antigens in women with RLP (5). Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 have been found to be decreased in such women compared with normal pregnancies (6).Additionally, IL-6 levels in maternal serum (7), amniotic fluid (8), vaginal fluid (9), and placenta (10) have been found to increase during the process of normal labor compared to the nonlabor state.One study demonstrated an increase in the frequencies of type-1 T-helper (Th1) cytokine IL-1β gene promoter region variants IL-1B-511C and IL-1B-31T in RPL women with RLP (11). One of the Th2 cytokines, IL-10 promoter region variant (-1082G→A) was not associated with RPL (12,13). However, relationships between many diseases and IL-6 promoter gene polymorphisms, such as IL-6 -174G→C (14, 15) and IL-6 -634C→G (16), were recently demonstrated. It is also known that the former polymorphism is frequently found in Caucasians (14, 15) and the latter in Japanese (16). There have been no reports of other frequent polymorphisms of the IL-6 gene, and the relationship between any IL-6 gene polymorphism and RPL has not yet been investigated. In the present study, therefore, we assessed these two promoter polymorphisms and investigated whether either of these IL-6 gene polymorphisms Materials and MethodsThis case-control study was performed in Sapporo, Japan, during the years 1999-2002. We studied 76 cases aged 20-42 years with a history of RP...

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Characterization of the Inflammatory Cytokines in the Vagina During Pregnancy and Labor and With Bacterial Vaginosis

Cited by 52 publications

References 19 publications

Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis

Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis

The Interplay of the Interleukin 1 System in Pregnancy and Labor

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the interleukin-6 gene and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss in japanese women

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