The spatiotemporal evolution of the temperature in the afterglow of point-to-plane, pulsed positive streamer discharge was measured near the anode tip and cathode surface using laser-induced predissociation fluorescence of OH radicals. The temperature exhibited a rapid increase and displayed a steep spatial gradient after a discharge pulse. The rate of temperature rise reached 84 K μs −1 at z = 0.15 ± 0.15 mm, where z represents the distance from the anode tip. The temperature rise was much faster than in the middle of the gap; it was only 2.8 K μs −1 at z = 3.6 ± 1.0 mm. The temperature reached 1700 K near the anode tip at t = 10 µs and 1500 K near the cathode surface at t = 30 µs, where t represents the postdischarge time. The spatial gradient reached 1280 K mm −1 near the anode tip at t = 10 µs. The mechanism responsible for the rapid temperature increase was discussed, including rapid heating of the gas in the early postdischarge phase (t 1 µs), and vibration-to-translation energy transfer in the later postdischarge phase (1 < t 100 µs). The high temperatures near the anode tip and cathode surface are particularly important for the ignition of combustible mixtures and for surface treatments, including solid-surface treatments, water treatments, and plasma medicine using pulsed streamer discharges.