Characterization of the Gut Microbiota of Individuals at Different T2D Stages Reveals a Complex Relationship with the Host

Abstract

In this work, we studied 217 Mexican subjects divided into six groups with different stages of glucose intolerance: 76 Controls (CO), 54 prediabetes (PRE), 14 T2D no medication (T2D−No−M), 14 T2D with Metformin (T2D−M), 22 T2D with polypharmacy (T2D−P), and 37 T2D with polypharmacy and insulin (T2D−P+I). We aimed to determine differences in the gut microbiota diversity for each condition. At the phylum level, we found that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes outline major changes in the gut microbiota. The gut bacterial richness and diversity of individuals in the T2D−No−M group were lesser than other groups. Interestingly, we found a significant difference in the beta diversity of the gut microbiota among all groups. Higher abundance was found for Comamonadaceae in PRE, and Sutterella spp. in T2D−No−M. In addition, we found associations of specific microbial taxa with clinical parameters. Finally, we report predicted metabolic pathways of gut microbiota linked to T2D−M and PRE conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that each group has specific predicted metabolic characteristics and gut bacteria populations for each phenotype. The results of this study could be used to define strategies to modulate gut microbiota through noninvasive treatments, such as dietary intervention, probiotics or prebiotics, and to improve glucose tolerance of individuals with prediabetes or T2D.

A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of a Herbal Medicine Containing Pycnogenol Combined with Papain and Aloe vera in the Prevention and Management of Pre-Diabetes

“…Certainly, this may constitute an important methodological issue to further consider in future clinical studies. Recently it has been confirmed that the that the intestinal microbiome in individuals diagnosed with preT2D or T2D presents a complex clinical picture with the host that will require consideration [31].…”

A P4 medicine perspective of gut microbiota and prediabetes: Systems analysis and personalized intervention

“…[57] In terms of dietary intake, lipid intake was negatively related to Kaistobacter. [57] In terms of exercise, physical activity was positively related to Dorea. [57] In terms of weight control, body fat (kg) was positively related to family Enterococcaceae and body weight (kg) was negatively correlated to Fusobacterium genus.…”

“…A study tracked 217 Mexican individuals consisting of 76 normal people, 54 prediabetics, and 87 diabetics for 1 year. [57] During the period, daily intake of total calories, macronutrients, and sugar was calculated, and physical activity was classified into sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels according to the exercise intensity. [57] Variables that were significantly associated with gut microbiota were found by a Multivariate Association with Linear model (MaAsLin).…”

“…[57] During the period, daily intake of total calories, macronutrients, and sugar was calculated, and physical activity was classified into sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels according to the exercise intensity. [57] Variables that were significantly associated with gut microbiota were found by a Multivariate Association with Linear model (MaAsLin). [57] In terms of dietary intake, lipid intake was negatively related to Kaistobacter.…”

“…[57] Variables that were significantly associated with gut microbiota were found by a Multivariate Association with Linear model (MaAsLin). [57] In terms of dietary intake, lipid intake was negatively related to Kaistobacter. [57] In terms of exercise, physical activity was positively related to Dorea.…”