Characterization of the GGPP synthase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana

Beck, Gilles; Coman, Diana; Herren, Edgar; Ruiz-Sola, M. Águila; Rodríguez‐Concepción, Manuel; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Vranová, Eva

doi:10.1007/s11103-013-0070-z

Cited by 119 publications

(189 citation statements)

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“…1) are presumed to produce FPP and GGPP for ubiquinone synthesis. FPPS1L-defective fps1 mutants only showed a limited decrease in UB-9 levels (Closa et al, 2010), suggesting that the biosynthesis of the ubiquinone solanesyl chain might predominantly rely on the supply of GGPP by GGPPS1, the only GGPPS isoform known to be targeted to mitochondria (Beck et al, 2013;Nagel et al, 2015). However, we found that the T-DNA insertion mutant ggpps1-1 (SAIL_559_G01) contains wild-type levels of UB-9 (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: G11 Activity Is Essential To Produce Both Plastidial Isoprenmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…S4), further indicating that the sG11 protein remains an active GGPPS enzyme. To next determine whether sG11 could also produce GGPP in vivo, we used a heterologous system based on carotenoid (lycopene) production in E. coli strains carrying the pACCRT-BI vector (Beck et al, 2013). Plasmids encoding the full-length G11 or sG11 proteins were used together with pACCRT-BI to cotransform E. coli cells.…”

Section: The Distinct Phenotypes Of G11 Alleles Correlate With Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…50% reduction of G11 transcript levels in g11-5 seedlings only causes a 20%-30% decrease in plastidial isoprenoid content (Ruiz-Sola et al, 2016), the observed 20% reduction of UB-9 levels in young siliques of the g11-5 mutant might indeed result from partly reduced sG11 activity (and hence GGPP supply) in developing embryos or seeds. Because other GGPPS isoforms are also expressed in these tissues at different stages (Beck et al, 2013), it remains unclear why none of them is able to complement the loss of sG11 activity and hence rescue embryo development in g11-3 and g11-4 mutants. Alternatively, sG11 might produce GGPP for another specific class of unidentified metabolites required for embryogenesis and, perhaps, with roles in other cells and tissues during the plant life cycle, as deduced from the wide distribution of sG11-encoding transcripts (Fig.…”

Section: G11 Activity Is Essential To Produce Both Plastidial Isoprenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the 12 initially reported genes, however, only four have been conclusively shown to encode true GGPPS enzymes (Nagel et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016). Two of them, GGPPS3 and GGPPS4, encode proteins sorted to the ER, and the other two, GGPPS2 and GGPPS11, encode plastidial isoforms (Okada et al, 2000;Beck et al, 2013;Coman et al, 2014;Ruiz-Sola et al, 2016). The GGPPS1 gene encodes the only mitochondrial member of the family, but the in vivo activity of the protein is still unclear (Zhu et al, 1997;Okada et al, 2000;Beck et al, 2013;Nagel et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Despite the presence of at least two GGPPS enzymes in Arabidopsis plastids, GGPPS11 (At4g36810, from herein referred to as G11) is by far the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed isoform (Beck et al, 2013;Ruiz-Sola et al, 2016). G11 is required for the production of all major groups of plastidial isoprenoids, including carotenoids and the side chains of chlorophylls, tocopherols, and prenylated quinones (RuizSola et al, 2016).…”

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A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms

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A wide diversity of isoprenoids is produced in different plant compartments. Most groups of isoprenoids synthesized in plastids, and some produced elsewhere in the plant cell derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthesized by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), five genes appear to encode GGPPS isoforms localized in plastids (two), the endoplasmic reticulum (two), and mitochondria (one). However, the loss of function of the plastid-targeted GGPPS11 isoform (referred to as G11) is sufficient to cause lethality. Here, we show that the absence of a strong transcription initiation site in the G11 gene results in the production of transcripts of different lengths. The longer transcripts encode an isoform with a functional plastid import sequence that produces GGPP for the major groups of photosynthesis-related plastidial isoprenoids. However, shorter transcripts are also produced that lack the first translation initiation codon and rely on a second in-frame ATG codon to produce an enzymatically active isoform lacking this N-terminal domain. This short enzyme localizes in the cytosol and is essential for embryo development. Our results confirm that the production of differentially targeted enzyme isoforms from the same gene is a central mechanism to control the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors in different plant cell compartments.Plants produce tens of thousands of isoprenoid compounds, including some that are essential for respiration, photosynthesis, and regulation of growth and development. Despite their structural and functional diversity, all isoprenoids derive from the same fivecarbon precursors, the double-bond isomers isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which can be interconverted by IPP/ DMAPP isomerase (IDI) enzymes. Plants use two unrelated pathways to synthesize these units (Fig. 1). The mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway synthesizes IPP in the cytosol, whereas the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies both IPP and DMAPP in the plastid (Bouvier et al., 2005;Vranová et al., 2013; Rodriguez-Concepción and Boronat, 2015). IPP and DMAPP units can be exchanged between cell compartments to a certain level. For example, MVA-derived IPP can be imported by mitochondria for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (Lütke-Brinkhaus et al., 1984;Disch et al., 1998). However, this limited exchange of common isoprenoid precursors is not active enough to rescue a genetic or pharmacological blockage of one of the pathways with IPP/DMAPP produced by the noninhibited pathway (Bouvier et al., 2005;Vranová et al., 2013; Rodriguez-Concepción and Boronat, 2015). Addition of IPP units to DMAPP generates longer prenyl diphosphate molecules, including C10 geranyl diphosphate (GPP), C15 farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), and C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which are then used in specific downstream pathways to produce particular isoprenoids (Fig. 1). FPP and GGPP pools represent nodes of the major metabolic branch points in the isoprenoid biosynthesis ...

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Section: G11 Activity Is Essential To Produce Both Plastidial Isoprenmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: The Distinct Phenotypes Of G11 Alleles Correlate With Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: G11 Activity Is Essential To Produce Both Plastidial Isoprenmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms

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Gibberellin biosynthesis in higher plants

Hedden¹

2016

Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 49

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Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Higher Plants

Hedden

2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Biosynthesis of the major biologically active gibberellins (GAs) in higher plants proceeds first in plastids via the tetracyclic diterpene hydrocarbon ent ‐kaurene, which is oxidised by membrane‐associated cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenases to produce GA 12 and GA 53 on the endoplasmic reticulum. These intermediates are oxidised further by the soluble 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenases GA 20‐oxidase and GA 3‐oxidase to the active C 19 ‐GA end products, GA 4 and GA 1 , respectively. The genes encoding most of the enzymes of the pathway have been identified in several species and the mechanisms by which their expression is regulated in response to developmental and environmental signals are being elucidated. The chapter will review the pathway, discuss the function of the biosynthetic enzymes and highlight recent understanding of their regulation.

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Characterization of the GGPP synthase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract: Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is a key precursor of various isoprenoids that have diverse functions in plant metabolism and development.

Cited by 119 publications

References 71 publications

A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms

A Single Arabidopsis Gene Encodes Two Differentially Targeted Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Isoforms

Gibberellin biosynthesis in higher plants

Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Higher Plants

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